Intellectual Property Law
E Commerce Law Knowledge Base
Does Philippines already have an established E-Commerce law? US, as well as other countries, already have several jurisprudence for e-commerce law. However, does Philippines have one?
Explain the role of E-Commerce law in economic society development ? Explain the role of E-Commerce law in economic society development ?
what are the negatives, positives of e-commerce law/cyber law against doing business or companies ? does e-commerce law or cyber law increase/decrease sales/business. what threats or obstacles that e-commerce law or cyber law posses to business or companies.
how does anti-hacking provinsions under e-commerce law implemented? how does anti-hacking provinsions under e-commerce law impemented
Can anyone briefly explain e-commerce law "sec. 4. Sphere of Application" to me? Sec. 4. Sphere of Application - This Act shall apply to any kind of data message and electronic document used in the context of commercial and non-commercial activities to include domestic and international dealings, transactions, arrangements, agreements, contracts and exchanges and storage of information. I have a very low english vocabulary. I wish someone can help me. I need to explain this in class. Please provide some examples for me. Thank you so much :)
e-commerce law? E-commerce law? 1. Interview an e-Commerce site owner an d find out the significance of the E-Commerce Law to him/her. If the Philippines does not have an e-Commerce Law, what would be the impact on the country? Give the name of the person, position and company affiliation. 2. Interview any police authority or lawyer to find out the status of criminal and civil cases filed related to the law. Give the name of the person, position, and company affiliation. 3. Find out what Internet and e-Commerce related bills are being pushed by the Philippine government in Congress. Who is the author behind those bills? 4. Draft an e-mail, Internet, and software use policy. Use search engines like Google.com to find sample format. 5. Name one government initiative designed to develop e-Commerce adoption in the Philippines. Give details about the program and find out how many have benefited (giving the breakdown by gender).
Need help with term paper topic (E-Commerce law).? my topic must cover a state act or a federal act. This act must effect e-commerce. any suggestions will help. Thanks
What happens if E-commerce regulations in the uk are broken? Can anyone help me with what would happen to the owners of a website if they broke the e-commerce laws? Such as prosecution .. thanks im an IT student and im qriting about e-commerce, the only bit left to write about is the consequences or breaking e-commerce regulations. The E-commerce regulation applies to any business who: Sells goods or services to consumers or businesses over the internet, text or email Advertises on the internet, text or email
Im creating an e-commerce. What to know? law related to cross-border trading...? Hello all, I am currently creating a e-commerce...mostly will be selling in the US and Europe. Are they some specific crossborder law i need to be aware of? does the company need to also be registered in Europe? how do i go about declaring revenue in each country. I might be missing the "Look outs" please help if you already have been through it.
What is the scope of E-Commerce in India ? a. In India there is no regulation of E-Commerce Law at present except by the IT Act, 2002. However, some companies are making good profits on B2C transaction. Keeping in view the large population, there is huge scope in future. However, what is the best bet in future for B2C in India ? b. To narrow down the question, is there any scope of .co.in business as of now or in next few years in India ? If yes, in which sectors ? If no, why ? c.What is best way to host a website - meaning to host or outsourse in India ? What are the present best affordable / economic charges including registration with ICANN and Webhosting charges alongwith all-inclusive backoffice database results by the hosting firm ? d. Which are the best hosting firm for domestic business of e-commerce (b2c) and for export e-commerce transactions?
e-commerce laws? of the two approaches to international e-commerce laws, country of origin and country of destination,, which approach do you favor?why?
About E-commerce (laws)? I am planing to start an online e-commerce. My customer most likely is going to be college students. What my e-commerce all about? 1. Reselling- Buy used items and resell. For ex: Text book. 2. Help reselling- Help someone sale their items and charge commission. 3. Sales customizable items. 4. Free services. For ex: free PC trouble shooting. 5. Tips & Recommendation (free of charge) 6. May be some advertising. Location: United States By the way I am students myself. If anyone can tell me if there any rules or regulation on what I am planning to do I will deeply appreciate. ~Thank You!
what is the sale-tax law for e-commerce? i am in florida and am opening an e-commerce site. what is the rules and regs on sales tax?
How many taxes should I pay if I sell things to USA use e-commerce？? I'm living in China, and I want to build a web site of e-commerce to sell things to USA. Could you give me the answers of the following questions. 1. How many kinds of taxes should I pay, and what are they? And how much is the tax rate? 2. If I put my web site in a USA web hosting or Chinese web hosting, Do they have any difference of taxes? 3. What are the laws of e-commerce of USA. Need I apply to the govement or have a record? Thanks for answering my questions!
E-commerce? Do you have to be any certain age to have a online store? Would someone need to have a bussiness permit in order to do so? Also, what are the laws about taxing for e-commerce?
Is there a law that can keep annoying places from sending me mail? I made the mistake of purchasing something from a small business. They keep sending me stuff in the mail(physical mail), and I've called the place and asked them to stop sending me crap, yet they continue to do so. Although this seems minor, it's been going on for months, and the mail should've stopped coming a long time ago. I know there's an electric commerce law that prevents companies from sending e-mails to certain people who choose to receive them, how would I go about handling my non-electronic nuisance? thanks
i need free e books & free research paper abut electronic segnature? i wanna get free ebooks and research paper talking abut electronic segnature and e.commerce law
What does a Pre-Sales Consultant do? I have recently gained my MSc e-commerce, and am struggling to decide what career path I should take. I took the business stream of the MSc e-commerce in part 2 of the course. Areas covered included e-commerce law and web-based marketing, but also included web system design and implementation, internet security and internetworking. At first I persued Web Development jobs, but have now realised that this is not my forte. I do love technology, and embrace all new technologies, but I feel I don't have the aptitude for web development. A friend of mine suggested Pre-Sales Consultancy as a career. I don't know much about this area, but it does appeal to me. Can anyone shed any more light on this profession, and any tips on getting that elusive "foot in the door"? Cheers
To date, most courts have applied traditional common law principles to cases arising in e-commerce.? True or False
I need help with e-commerce, i need some websites and information about it? I need help with e-commerce, i need some websites and infomation about it. i need one aspect of e-commerce like telecommunicating, out laws etc, and with the topic i choose i need to write benefits / disadvantages to employers, enviroment and society I need some infomation about this please i need help with this Could someone please send some infomation or websites about it ANYTHING ABOUT E-COMMERCE THANKS
Laws and regulations for an e-commerce business? What are the legal and other regulatory compulsions for setting up an e-commerce website that deals with garments imported from Asia?
Is there any laws to have an e-commerce business? should it be an international registered co.? I'm grateful for any help Should it be an international registered co.? NB: my business location is not in the US, but it will serve globally
What did Singapore do to instill greater use confidence in e-commerce transactions? Singapore IT law
E-Commerce, am I breaking any laws? Thanks in advance for answering my question...I'm planning to open up a e-store and selling cookies. The thing is the cookies are going to be enternman cookies in my own packaging. If i clearly label on my package the ingredients fromt the enternmans box can i get in trouble. Am i violating any laws? Btw, i live in NY. Thanks
To launch an Italian website for Italians, must u register the business in Italy even if u do it from abroad? I'm developing an online magazine about Italy, in Italian and it's marketed toward Italians. I have a question on e-commerce law. Even if I operate it from Canada and the domain is a .com and not an .it, if the advertisers will be Italian companies, do I need to register the business in Italy instead of in Canada? If not, if I relocate to Italy and hire Italians, would I then have to register it in Italy? Does the registration depend on your residence or bank account or does it not matter? thanks in advance for your help!
Information on e-commerce business policies/license laws in India? I intend to run a small business - an ecommerce portal to sell some products. My warehouse would be my home in Mumbai and I hope to ship to customers internationally. I would like to know what the business laws and policies would be regarding shipping internationally. More specifically: 1. Is a sale from a foreign customer still considered a sale in Mumbai? 2. What registration procedures should I go through to establish it as a legal business? 3. Is there a website where this information may be available? 4. If I hire a lawyer to take care of the legal issues, what kind of costs am I looking at? I have a very small budget to begin with. Thanks in advance for your advice.
Do the feds or other law enforcement agencies ever catch any of the e-mail phishers? Just about anyone with an e-mail address gets spam, and sometimes a lot of it is phishers trying to rip people off: "I am Mr. Gupta Gupta of the Commerce Bank of Nairobi..." etc. ad nauseum. Do law enforcement agencies ever catch these people?
What does Maldives Employment Law state about Overtime payment? I am being offered a position as an E-commerce Manager in a resort in Maldives. The contract says that the job requires a lot of extra working hours and no Overtime would be paid to me. Since I would be a Manager, they say I am not entitled. Is that so? My job description is huge. Please help me guys asap! What does the Employment Law of Maldives state about this?
What was the constitutional basis for the Supreme Court's decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)? a) Under the doctrine of implied powers, Congress had the power to create a national bank because it was assigned the powers to tax,borrow money, and regulate interstate commerce b) National law was supreme over conflicting state law c) Under the doctrine of implied powers, Congress had the power to create a national bank because it was assigned the powers to tax, borrow money, and regulate interstate commerce under the Constitution and national law was supreme over conflicting state law d) Sovereign states can tax the national government e) Congress lacked the authority to charter a national bank
Do I have a chance at going to law school? Recently I have seriously considering going to law school but not sure if I have a good shot. I went to a regional engineering school in NJ that is very well known and is up and coming in the nation. I started of with an Electrical Engineering Degree where half way through I decided that I hated it and switched to Managment E Commerce. It took me 7 yrs to get my degree because I had to work the majority of the time I was in school. Because I switched majors my GPA isn't that high (2.8). However, I held several positions in my sorority, invoved in some clubs, recieved who's who, Oder of Omega, and some other awards. I was in the the AF for four years and did pretty well there with some other awards. I'm currently getting my MS in Info Syst and work as an IT Project Manager. I'm looking to go to a school in NJ and wonder what other factors the schools here will look into. I haven't taken the LSAT yet mainly because I'm still studing as it were and my practice scores are terrible.
what can i do when I buy something on internet and the product doesn't arrive? I made a purchase on a website using my credit card. The charge went through and the money was taken from my account. However, after 3 weeks, the item still hasn't arrived. I tried to contact the merchant, but the customer service is very unprofessional (phone is always busy or no one is answering; email inquiry unanswered). I finally got through to someone, who barely spoke English. She just told me to wait. I asked her if/when the item was shipped, she said she didn't know. I also asked my credit card company. They said that if i authorized the purchase, then I need to take the issue up with the merchant. I'm willing to give it more time to see if the product turns up. But in the event that the product never shows up and I can't make contact with the merchant or find a satisfactory resolution with them (e.g., refund), what can I do? Are there consumer watch group, or internet commerce regulatory, law enforcement agency I can contact or write to? Thank you.
Legal Question on E-commerce? Details of the Project: Basically, my web site will allow users to Buy and Sell products online where I will charge for people who POST their Items on my web site. I will be platform to connect this people but will not be party to the Buyer-Seller transaction. Any Buyer can contact Seller directly after getting the Seller Details from my web site and proceed their business. I have three legal questions : --Is it possible for me to change Business model after some time ??? Initially allowing users to post items FREE on web site for 1 year and then later Charge for any postings. my target market is mainly U.S and also few more countries in Europe and I prefer to operate from India. Does Server location matters (India or U.S). And which Law I should abide in case of any dispute --Can I have HQ located outside U.S and still deal business in other countries and manage legal aspects? --And Also on Tax, which country should I file Tax. (Head Office country or Transcation countries
New E-Commerce, is this legal? Thanks in advance for answering my question...I'm planning to open up a e-store and selling cookies. The thing is the cookies are going to be enternman cookies in my own packaging. If i clearly label on my package the ingredients fromt the enternmans box can i get in trouble. Am i violating any laws? Btw, i live in NY. Thanks 0 seconds ago - 4 days left to answer.
E-commerce question please help? which of the following laws protect consumers against being misled or treated unfairly by retailers. a) The E-Privacy Act b) The Fair Trade Act c) The Internet Tax Freedom Act d) The Interstate Commerce Act
Federal Commerce Clause? The Commerce Clause affects what activity in the states? I think three of the possible answers sound similar, so I am unsure. My choice would be C since interstate commerce is a congressional authority. Am I correct? A) The ability of state law enforcement to impede federal commerce. B) The ability of states to make laws around businesses that involve other states. C) The ability of states to ship goods to other states. D) The ability of states to regulate commerce in other states. E) None of the above
I want to do any course by e-learning or distance learning? I m a commerce student. Want to do any short duration course in law, taxation or accounting.
When WILL THE AMERICAN PEOPLE TAKE BACK THEIR REPUBLIC FROM THE CONTROL OF US CORPORATE GOVERNMENT? DUN & BRADSTREET listings of government units, offices, agencies, and instrumentalities. No doubt about the search results regarding the complete ‘federalization’ or ‘corporatization’ of the purported ‘government’. Nothing about the “United States” or “UNITED STATES” is as it appears or is commonly presumed to be. It is a ‘de facto’ ‘doctrine of necessity’ by ‘occupation’ in ‘bankruptcy’ operating for the benefit of undisclosed third-party Principals who also allege to be Holders in Due Course as “Prime Creditors”. Lawful government was deconstructed when after the Civil War the states and the ten southern states were ‘Reconstructed’ during and within the Reconstruction Acts. The current form of ‘government’ has nothing to do with lawful ‘government’ or ‘governance’ of/by/for the people or the de jure union of several American states. Every aspect of the idea of ‘government’ has been incorporated and operates as an implied ‘resultant’ equity constructive TRUST and commercial franchise of the UNITED STATES, having no fixed or pre-determined rules to run by, because the organic rules operated ‘without the United States’-District of Columbia, ‘within the United States of America’, which is a diverse and distinctly different entity at law in commerce. This subject can be elaborated ad nauseam, but the gist is what you may have already summarized and concluded. How can a corporate executive of a non-Constitutional entity be held accountable to his actions under a Constitutional standard, where there is no one in any aspect of the same CORPORATION that has authority to do so? Furthermore, the CORPORATION itself has no nexus to the Organic Constitution for the United States of America, where exist the only mechanisms and constructs for ‘lawful government’ and protections of un/in-a-lien-able Rights under the Bill of Rights. The CORPORATION is itself an abomination. The Federal Convention 1787, September 14. The state delegates voted on the motion to delegate authority to Congress to incorporate or to grant charters of incorporation, and it was explicitly rejected. (BELOW IS THE BEGAINING OF ALL THE US GOVERNMENT AGENCIES LISTED ON DUN AND BRADSTREET) < PreviousShowing 1 of 1Sort by: Next > HQEXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT 1600 PENNSYLVANIA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC HQOFFICE OF NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY OFFICE OF NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY Also Traded as EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT750 17TH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC HQSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY, OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY, OFFICE OF OLD EXECUTIVE OFFICE BLDG, RM 431, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT 725 17TH ST NW RM 4208, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT 725 17TH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT 1724 F ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT 1700 PENNSYLVANIA AVE NW, RM 100 EEOB, WASHINGTON, DC HQEXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT 1600 PENNSYLVANIA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC HQCONSOLIDATED EXECUTIVE OFFICE CONSOLIDATED EXECUTIVE OFFICE 950 PENNSYLVANIA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC HQTRUSTEES, EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR THE US TRUSTEES, EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR THE US 20 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, WASHINGTON, DC HQATTORNEYS, EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS, EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR UNITED STATES 600 E STREET NW STE 8302, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 444 N CAPITOL ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF INDIANA EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF INDIANA 1455 PENNSYLVANIA AVE NW STE 1140, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF IDAHO EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF IDAHO 444 N CAPITOL ST NW STE 216, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF UTAH EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF UTAH 444 N CAPITOL ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR OF DELAWARE EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR OF DELAWARE 444 N CAPITOL CITY STE 230, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 444 N CAPITOL ST NW # 134, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA 444 N CAPITOL ST NW STE 332, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY 444 N CAPITOL ST NW STE 224, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMEN Dun and Bradstreet is not a world wide recognized reporting agencies according to an educated person !!!
teaching, marketing or law??? hi... need some advice with a decision. worked 2 years in pr and wanted to stay in marketing....so picked up masters programme in marketing with e-commerce. but always said i would do law later in life once i'd gotten the corporate experience. now i find myself in teaching (foreign languages...first degree languages and business) . although i have developed an understanding for the children...and liking for long holiday...i do not want to stay for financial reasons...teaching does not pay that well...fact! so i'm considering returning to school once my masters is over in december to pursue the law i was going to do later in life...esp if no jobs turn up in marketing/communications... want to make this decision before it is too late in life...dont want to waste time doing something i dont want to do....and perhaps regretting one that i didnt. any advice???
What are three technological developments key to the so-called information superhighway? A.Digitization, microprocessors, and fiber-optic cable B.ARPAnet, microprocessors, and decentralized networks C.ARPAnet, digitization, and fiber-optic cable D.E-commerce, digitization, and distributed networks E.Moore's law, multimedia content, and the World Wide Web
1.A federal agency collects documents in its law enforcement activities, these documents are: a)always secret? under the Privacy Act. b. available to the public under the Freedom of Information Act, unless they contain trade secrets, information related to national security, or information that, if disclosed, would invade personal privacy. c. available to the public under the Government in the Sunshine Act,unless it concerns information about individuals protected by the Privacy Act. d. available to the public, whether it concerns individuals or not, under the Federal Sunshine Act. e. None of the above. 2.In Quill Corp. v. North Dakota, a state sales tax was imposed on out-of-state firms doing mail-order business with North Dakota residents,this law was found a. unconstitutional violation of the necessary &proper clause b. constitutional because it involves all mail-order firms c. constitutional because it involves interstate commerce d. unconstitutional violation of the First Amendment rights of the mail-order businesses e. unconstitutional violation of commerce clause
Could someone please explain this Law to me? Last year, my husband's clothing store was raided by police. Yes he sold counterfeit merchandise and is very sorry for it. But I don't believe he deserved a Felony charge since he's never been in trouble with the law before. Also, he didn't know it was illegal to sell certain products until it was too late. Furthermore, ALL of his customers knew about the items that were counterfeit, so he never tried to "fool" anyone. I've attached the Code that convicted my husband below. Based on this information, and my husbands situation, I feel a felony conviction was not necessary. Please read the code and share your thoughts with me. Texas Penal Code, Section 32.23 - Trademark Counterfeiting CHAPTER 32. FRAUD § 32.23. TRADEMARK COUNTERFEITING. (a) In this section: (1) "Counterfeit mark" means a mark that is identical to or substantially indistinguishable from a protected mark the use or production of which is not authorized by the owner of the protected mark. (2) "Identification mark" means a data plate, serial number, or part identification number. (3) "Protected mark" means a trademark or service mark or an identification mark that is: (A) registered with the secretary of state; (B) registered on the principal register of the United States Patent and Trademark Office; (C) registered under the laws of another state; or (D) protected by Section 16.30, Business & Commerce Code, or by 36 U.S.C. Section 371 et seq. (4) "Retail value" means the actor's regular selling price for a counterfeit mark or an item or service that bears or is identified by a counterfeit mark, except that if an item bearing a counterfeit mark is a component of a finished product, the retail value means the actor's regular selling price of the finished product on or in which the component is used, distributed, or sold. (5) "Service mark" has the meaning assigned by Section 16.01, Business & Commerce Code. (6) "Trademark" has the meaning assigned by Section 16.01, Business & Commerce Code. (b) A person commits an offense if the person intentionally manufactures, displays, advertises, distributes, offers for sale, sells, or possesses with intent to sell or distribute a counterfeit mark or an item or service that: (1) bears or is identified by a counterfeit mark; or (2) the person knows or should have known bears or is identified by a counterfeit mark. (c) A state or federal certificate of registration of intellectual property is prima facie evidence of the facts stated in the certificate. (d) For the purposes of Subsection (e), when items or services are the subject of counterfeiting in violation of this section pursuant to one scheme or continuing course of conduct, the conduct may be considered as one offense and the retail value of the items or services aggregated in determining the grade of offense. (e) An offense under this section is a: (1) Class C misdemeanor if the retail value of the item or service is less than $20; (2) Class B misdemeanor if the retail value of the item or service is $20 or more but less than $500; (3) Class A misdemeanor if the retail value of the item or service is $500 or more but less than $1,500; (4) state jail felony if the retail value of the item or service is $1,500 or more but less than $20,000; (5) felony of the third degree if the retail value of the item or service is $20,000 or more but less than $100,000; (6) felony of the second degree if the retail value of the item or service is $100,000 or more but less than $200,000; or (7) felony of the first degree if the retail value of the item or service is $200,000 or more.
Poll: Where do you come down on Global Warming - Chamber of Commerce (who knows it's a scam) or the "greens"? Climate Bill Backers Quit Chamber of Commerce By Amanda DeBard The U.S. Chamber of Commerce, the nation's largest business trade association, has suffered the defection of five of its members, including Apple Inc. and Nike Inc., over its hard-line opposition to pending climate change legislation. The resignations, submitted in just the past two weeks, have shined a spotlight on the deep divisions in industry over how to deal with the issue of climate change. The chamber is leading the charge against President Obama's effort to reduce the amount of greenhouse gases emitted into the atmosphere. But three utilities, along with business powerhouses Nike and Apple, support the climate legislation that passed the House in June. Disagreements are common in large trade associations. But resignations over policy are rare, an indication of how high the stakes are in opposing a top-agenda item of a sitting president. Apple is the latest company to publicly split with the chamber over climate policy. The maker of Macintosh computers and iPhones said Monday that it wishes the chamber would "play a constructive role in addressing the climate crisis" and finds it frustrating to be at odds with the chamber over regulating greenhouse gas emissions, according to a letter to the chamber from Catherine A. Novelli, Apple's vice president of worldwide government affairs. As a result of the chamber's position, Apple said, it would resign its membership effective immediately. In response, the chamber said its position on climate change is misunderstood, explaining that it opposes the pending legislation rather than comprehensive climate policy. "The chamber is a consensus-driven organization and welcomes input from any company that wants to work on a comprehensive approach to reduce greenhouse gases," said Eric Wohlschlegel, a chamber spokesman. "While well continue to represent the broad majority of our membership on this goal, we recognize that there are some companies who stand to gain more than others with the current options on the table." Three major utilities - PG&E Corp. of California, Exelon Corp. of Chicago and PNM Resources of New Mexico - said they also disagree with the chamber's position on its call for a public hearing on the Obama administration's assertion that there is a link between carbon dioxide and public health and welfare. The link, if it exists, would allow the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate all carbon dioxide emitters. The hearing would be the equivalent of a "Scopes monkey trial of the 21st century," Peter Darbee, PG&E's chief executive, said in a blog post last month announcing the split. "The carbon-based free lunch is over," John Rowe, Exelon's chief executive, said last month. Mr. Rowe said the world's climate problem cant be fixed free of charge, but his company supports the legislation because it "will drive low-carbon investments in the most inexpensive and efficient way possible." Exelon, the nation's largest nuclear power generator, could earn more than $1 billion a year in profit if the pending legislation becomes law, Mr. Rowe said. PNM Resources said it objected to calls to put "the science of climate change on trial" and would withdraw from the chamber. The utility had previously informed the chamber that it would allow its members on the chamber's board to lapse. The three utilities are members of the U.S. Climate Action Partnership (USCAP), a group of businesses and environmentalists that supports the pending legislation. The House-passed climate bill was based in part on proposals advocated by USCAP. Nike also quit the chamber's board late last month, but will retain its membership in the group. The global athletic company said it "does not believe that on the issue of climate change the chamber represents the diversity of views held by board members." Separately, Johnson & Johnson, General Electric Co. and the San Jose Chamber of Commerce have said the chamber's position on climate change does not reflect their corporate views, but they have not severed ties with the business group. Pete Altman, climate campaign director for the Natural Resources Defense Council, said the actions of the companies show their frustration with what he called the chamber's "retrograde" position on climate change regulation. "Companies keep proving me wrong, because I think it's hard for them to leave the chamber. It's a big hurdle, because this is just not normally what companies do in order to express opinions," Mr. Altman said. "I have been surprised at how many companies are leaving or publicly criticizing the chamber." He added that the departures were based on a mix of reasons. He noted that some utility companies see the chance to profit from the legislation, while manufacturers desire a climate bill that gives them certainty about the future. In the cases of Nike and Apple, he said, they have made corpor
1.A federal agency collects documents in its law enforcement activities. These documents are: a)always secret? ,under the Privacy Act. b. available to the public under the Freedom of Information Act, unless they contain trade secrets, information related to national security, or information that, if disclosed, would invade personal privacy. c. available to the public under the Government in the Sunshine Act, unless it concerns information about individuals protected by the Privacy Act. d. available to the public, whether it concerns individuals or not, under the Federal Sunshine Act e. None of the above 2.In Quill Corp. v. North Dakota, a state sales tax was imposed on out-of-state firms doing mail-order business with North Dakota residents.This law was found: a. unconstitutional violation of the necessary and proper clause b. constitutional because it involves all mail-order firms c. constitutional because it involves interstate commerce d. unconstitutional violation of the First Amendment rights of themail-order businesses e. unconstitutional violation of the commerce clause
Which of the following was true of the Continental Congress in its drafting of the Articles of Confederation? a. it was cautious about giving the new government powers it had just denied parliament b. it gave congress the exclusive right to issue currency c. it gave the national court system the power to review both national and state law d. it gave congress control of interstate commerce e. it rejected the arguments of men like Samuel Adams and Richard Henry lee who feared strong governments
What do you think Economy Not Reliant On Illegal Immigration ? Takes a minute or two to read.If reading is not for you skip this question.One of the arguments currently made for increasing the intake of immigrants and guest workers is that it is vital to the health of the nation's economy. If this were true, a tough choice would have to be made between economic stagnation and the social and environmental impact of adding further population growth on top of what is already too much. Fortunately, there is no real dilemma. The economy can grow in a healthy fashion with a low level of immigration. How do we know? Our economic history demonstrates this fact. Between 1925 and 1965, we had a level of immigration that averaged less than 180,000 admissions per year. Illegal immigration during that period was not the serious problem that it is today. To The City During that period of restricted immigration — curtailed in part because of World War II and the Depression — the overall trend in economic growth was impressive. It was a time of rapid industrialization and mechanization, a major move from rural America and work in agriculture to the cities and industrial jobs. Women entered the work force in large numbers. In 1920, according to the census, 23.7% of women were in the work force. By 1970, before the effects of the 1965 change in the immigration law had significantly expanded immigrant admissions, the share of women in the work force had grown to 43.3%. The best indicator of how the U.S. economy responded to the period of low immigration between 1925 and 1966 may be seen in inflation-adjusted GDP per capita over that period. It clearly shows that, apart from a rapid jump during WWII and a drop back following it, the overall trend is rising national product — i.e., economic development. It may also be seen that the increase in per capita GDP has continued since the 1965 Immigration Act unleashed rapid immigration growth. But the rate of increase since 1966 is not as great as it was during the period of low immigration. From 1925 to 1966, GDP per capita increased by 168.4%. That is an average annual increase of 4.0%. During the period since then (1966-2005), the increase in GDP per capita has been 114.2%. That is an annual average increase of 2.9%. Of course, immigration is not the only factor influencing economic change. The role of labor unions, laws, trade, transportation, communication and technology all play major roles in economic change. As the United States has become more enmeshed in international commerce and other countries have developed economically, greater competition exists for our produce. It is tempting to look at the greater per annum GDP per capita growth during our earlier low immigration and conclude that a return to low immigration would result in a new surge in per capita growth. Back To Work A slowing in the availability of low-wage labor, according to economic theory, should have the effect of causing wages to rise to attract more U.S. workers back into those occupations. If the nation's output continued to grow during a period of slowing growth in population, this would contribute to the growth in GDP per capita. However, because there are other economic forces at play in shaping the national product, that is not a clear-cut prospect. Nevertheless, the nation's history with low-level immigration and the economic growth during that period provides evidence that it is wrong to suggest that our economy will suffer if immigration and guest worker programs are not increased — as business interests are currently asserting. On the contrary, it suggests that the economy would continue to be healthy if immigration were significantly reduced. http://www.investors.com/editorial/editorialcontent.asp?secid=1502&status=article&id=275005865571172
Subjects to choose in year 10 for year 11 to endeavour the career path of law? I am always being told that it is imperative for everyone to complete a business degree before they encounter their chosen career no matter what you are doing, is this true? I am told i have a talent/am excellent at- public speaking, english and commerce (they don't have legal studies or economics in high school) and i also get a B OR A grade in maths. i cant do funny speeches, i am a very serious person. So what subjects to i take?what UAI do i need to have the job of my dreams? i cant decide exactly what in law i want t do because there's so many positions, judge, solicitor,lawyer Eternity e.t.c what is your opinion, is this a good choice????????
business law questions? (multiple choice)? A contract for the sale of goods is governed by a uniform set of laws, adopted by all states, except Louisiana, know as the a.Uniform contract code b. uniform code of commerce c. uniform commercial code d. uniform commercial contracts Frank, a farmer, offers t sell 500 bushels of wheat to ABC Milling for price at the Chicago market price the date of delivery to ABC Miling. There is a. a valid offer b. an invalid offer because it lacks definite term c. no consideration d. b & c e. a & c
Which of the following powers is denied to the federal government under the Constitution? Which of the following powers is denied to the federal government under the Constitution? A)borrowing money B)passing ex post facto laws C)chartering corporations D)declaring war E)regulating commerce with foreign nations
what is applicable law? e-commerce transactions
Can we sell kitchen-baked products on the Internet? My wife has an incredible recipe for a specialty baked product. She wants to start a business out of our kitchen, selling and shipping this product using e-commerce. Are there any barriers to doing such a thing? Regulations or laws?
Why are people so focused on partisan junk? When this is what is happening. "The issue today is the same as it has been throughout all history, whether man shall be allowed to govern himself or be ruled by a small elite." -Thomas Jefferson "History records that the money changers have used every form of abuse, intrigue, deceit, and violent means possible to maintain their control over governments by controlling the money and its issuance." -James Madison "The means of defense against foreign danger historically have become the instruments of tyranny at home." -James Madison "If the American people ever allow private banks to control the issue of their currency, first by inflation and then by deflation, the banks and corporations that will grow up around them will deprive the people of all property until their children wake up homeless on the continent their fathers conquered." -Thomas Jefferson 1816 "I see in the near future a crisis approaching that unnerves me and causes me to tremble for the safety of my country. As a result of the war, corporations have been enthroned and an era of corruption in high places will follow, and the money power of the country will endeavor to prolong its reign by working upon the prejudices of the people until all wealth is aggregated in a few hands, and the Republic is destroyed." -Abraham Lincoln "The real menace of our Republic is the invisible government which like a giant octopus sprawls its slimy legs over our cities, states and nation." - John F. Hylan, Mayor of New York, Mayor, 1918-1925 "I am a most unhappy man. I have unwittingly ruined my country. A great industrial nation is controlled by its system of credit. Our system of credit is concentrated. The growth of the nation, therefore, and all our activities are in the hands of a few men. We have come to be one of the worst ruled, one of the most completely controlled and dominated governments in the civilized world. No longer a government by free opinion, no longer a government by conviction and the vote of the majority, but a government by the opinion and duress of a small group of dominant men." - Woodrow Wilson after signing the Federal Reserve Act. "Since I entered politics, I have chiefly had men's views confided to me privately. Some of the biggest men in the United States, in the field of commerce and manufacture, are afraid of something. They know that there is a power somewhere so organized, so subtle, so watchful, so interlocked, so complete, so pervasive, that they better not speak above their breath when they speak in condemnation of it." - Woodrow Wilson, The New Freedom (1913) "This Act (the Federal Reserve Act, Dec. 23rd 1913) establishes the most gigantic trust on earth. When the President (Woodrow Wilson) signs the Bill, the invisible government of the Monetary Power will be legalised... The worst legislative crime of the ages is perpetrated by this banking and currency Bill." -Charles A. Lindbergh, Sr. , His Book Banking currency and the money trust 1913 "When the President signs this act [Federal Reserve Act of 1913], the invisible government by the money power -- proven to exist by the Monetary Trust Investigation -- will be legalized. The new law will create inflation whenever the trusts want inflation. From now on, depressions will be scientifically created." -Charles A. Lindbergh, Sr. "If, as it appears, the experiment that was called 'America' is at an end... then perhaps a fitting epitaph would be ... 'here lies America the greatest nation that might have been had it not been for the Edomite bankers who first stole their money, used their stolen money to buy their politicians and press and lastly deprived them of their constitutional freedom by the most evil device yet created --- The Federal Reserve Banking System.' " -G. D. McDaniel In March, 1915, the J.P. Morgan interests, the steel, shipbuilding, and powder interest, and their subsidiary organizations, got together 12 men high up in the newspaper world and employed them to select the most influential newspapers in the United States and sufficient number of them to control generally the policy of the daily press. … They found it was only necessary to purchase the control of 25 of the greatest papers. An agreement was reached; the policy of the papers was bought, to be paid for by the month; an editor was furnished for each paper to properly supervise and edit information regarding the questions of preparedness, militarism, financial policies, and other things of national and international nature considered vital to the interests of the purchasers. -Oscar Callaway Congressional Record of February 9, 1917, page 2947 (This is The Council on Foreign Relations) "The real truth of the matter is, as you and I know, that a financial element in the large centers has owned the government of the U.S. since the days of Andrew Jackson." - U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a letter written Nov. 21, 1933 to Colonel E. Mandell I wouldn't go to war again, as I have done to protect some lousy investment of the bankers. There are only two things we should fight for. One is the defense of our homes, and the other is the Bill of Rights. War for any other reason is simply a racket. -Major General Smedley Darlington Butler 1933 "National Socialism will use its own revolution for establishing a New World Order." -Adolph Hitler "What is needed here is a return to the Constitution of the United States. We need to have a complete divorce of Bank and State. The old struggle that was fought out here in Jackson's day must be fought over again... The Federal Reserve Act should be repealed and the Federal Reserve Banks, having violated their charters, should be liquidated immediately. Faithless Government officers who have violated their oaths of office should be impeached and brought to trial. Unless this is done by us, I predict that the American people, outraged, robbed, pillaged, insulted, and betrayed as they are in their own land, will rise in their wrath and send a President here who will sweep the money changers out of the temple." -Louis McFadden US Congressman (R-PA) (1915-1935), Chairman of House Banking and Currency Committee. Poisoned in 1936. "It is the system of nationalist individualism that has to go....We are living in the end of the sovereign states....In the great struggle to evoke a Westernized World Socialism, contemporary governments may vanish....Countless people...will hate the New World Order....and will die protesting against it." - H.G. Wells, in his book, The New World Order, 1940 "I am concerned for the security of our great nation; not so much because of any threat from without, but because of the insidious forces working from within." - General Douglas MacArthur "Our government has kept us in a perpetual state of fear -kept us in a continuous stampede of patriotic fervour -with the cry of grave national emergency. Always, there has been some terrible evil at home,or some monstrous foreign power that was going to gobble us up if we did not blindly rally behind it." -General Douglas Mac Arthur "We have what is known as the Federal Reserve Bank System. That system is not owned by the Government. Many people think that it is because it says “Federal Reserve.” It belongs to private banks, private corporations. So we have farmed out to the Federal Reserve Banking System that which is owned exclusively, wholly, one hundred percent to the private banks—we have farmed out to them the privilege of issuing the Government’s money!" - John William Wright Patman, Congressional Record (29 Sep. 1941) "We shall have world government whether or not you like it, by conquest or consent." -James Warburg, In the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. Feb 17, 1950. "I want to make one thing clear. This war against our constitution is not being fought way off in Madagascar or in Mandalay. It is being fought here—in our schools, our colleges, our churches, our women’s clubs. It is being fought with our money, channeled through the State Department. It is being fought twenty-four hours a day—while we remain asleep. How many of you Senators know what the UN is doing to change the teaching of the children in your own home town? The UN is at work there, every day and night, changing the teachers, changing the teaching materials, changing the very words and tones—changing all the essential ideas which we imagine our schools are teaching to our young folks. How in the name of Heaven are we to sit here, approve these programs, appropriate our own people’s money—for such outrageous “orientation” of our own children, and of the men and women who teach our children, in this Nation’s schools?" -William Jenner U.S. Senator 1952 "We must now face the harsh truth that the objectives of communism are being steadily advanced because many of us do not recognize the means used to advance them. ... The individual is handicapped by coming face to face with a Conspiracy so monstrous he cannot believe it exists. The American mind simply has not come to a realization of the evil which has been introduced into our midst." -J. Edgar Hoover, Elks Magazine 1956 "There is no doubt that America is now the prime target of international communism." -J. Edgar Hoover, Masters of Deceit (1958) "The invisible Money Power is working to control and enslave mankind. It financed Communism, Fascism, Marxism, Zionism, Socialism. All of these are directed to making the United States a member of a World Government." - American Mercury Magazine, December 1957, (p. 92) "I believe that if the people of this nation fully understood what Congress has done to them over the last 49 years, they would move on Washington; they would not wait for an election....It adds up to a preconceived plan to destroy the economic and social independence of the United States!" - George W. Malone, U.S. Senator (Nevada), speaking before Congress, 1957 "I never would have agreed to the formulation of the Central Intelligence Agency back in forty-seven, if I had known it would become the American Gestapo." -Harry S. Truman 1961 "The high office of the President has been used to foment a plot to destroy the American's freedom and before I leave office, I must inform the citizen of this plight." John F Kennedy Columbia University on Nov. 12, 1963, 10 days before his assassination! "The Trilateral Commission is intended to be the vehicle for multinational consolidation of the commercial and banking interests by seizing control of the political government of the United States. The Trilateral Commission represents a skillful, coordinated effort to seize control and consolidate the four centers of power--Political, Monetary, Intellectual, and Ecclesiastical." - U.S. Senator Barry Goldwater, his book No Apologies, 1964 "All of us will ultimately be judged on the effort we have contributed to building a new world order." -Robert Kennedy "Most Americans have no real understanding of the operation of the international money lenders. The accounts of the Federal Reserve System have never been audited. It operates outside of the control of Congress and manipulates the credit of the United States." -Barry GoldWater "The time has come to recognize the United Nations for the anti-American, anti-freedom organization that it has become. The time has come for us to cut off all financial help, withdraw as a member, and ask the United Nations to find headquarters location outside the United States that is more in keeping with the philosophy of the majority of voting members, someplace like Moscow or Peking." -Barry Goldwater, Congressional Record (1971) "The drive of the Rockefellers and their allies is to create a One-World Government combining supercapitalism and Communism under the same tent, all under their control.... Do I mean conspiracy? Yes I do. I am convinced there is such a plot, international in scope, generations old in planning, and incredibly evil in intent." - Congressman Larry P. McDonald, 1976, killed in the Korean Airlines 747 that was shot down by the Soviets. "The threat of environmental crisis will be the 'international disaster key' that will unlock the New World Order." -Mikhail Gorbachev "The main purpose of the Council on Foreign Relations is promoting the disarmament of U.S. sovereignty and national independence and submergence into an all powerful, One World Government." - Admiral Chester Ward, former CFR member and Judge Advocate General of the U.S. Navy "Let us face reality. The framers have simply been too shrewd for us. They have outwitted us. They designed separate institutions that cannot be unified by mechanical linkages, frail bridges, or tinkering. If we are to turn the founders upside down. we must directly confront the Constitutional structure they erected." - James MacGregor Burns, Council on Foreign Relations member, 1984 "A careful examination of what is happening behind the scenes reveals that all of these interests are working in concert with the masters of the Kremlin in order to create what some refer to as a “New World Order.” Private organizations such as the Council on Foreign Relations, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, the Trilateral Commission, the Dartmouth Conference, the Aspen Institute for Humanistic Studies, the Atlantic Institute, and the Bilderberg Group serve to disseminate and to coordinate the plans for this so-called new world order in powerful business, financial, academic, and official circles." -Jesse Helms, Senate 1987 "It is the sacred principles enshrined in the United Nations charter to which the American people will henceforth pledge their allegiance." -George HW Bush (The War in Iraq) A rare opportunity to move toward an historic period of cooperation. Out of these troubled times... ...a new world order can emerge. -George HW Bush "... what is at stake, is more than one small country. It is a big idea. A New World Order where diverse nations are drawn together in common cause to achieve the universal aspirations of mankind: peace, and security, freedom, and the rule of law ... [The war in Iraq is] a rare opportunity to move toward an historic period of cooperation. Out of these troubled times, ... our fifth objective, - a New World Order, can emerge: a new era, freer from the threat of terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice, and more secure in the quest for peace ... Now we can see a new world coming into view, a world in which there is a very real prospect of a New World Order. ... We are now in sight of a United Nations that performs as envisioned by its founders." -George HW Bush "Today, America would be outraged if UN troops entered Los Angeles to restore order. Tomorrow they will be grateful! This is especially true if they were told that there were an outside threat from beyond, whether real or promulgated, that threatened our very existence. It is then that all peoples of the world will plead to deliver them from this evil. The one thing every man fears is the unknown. When presented with this scenario, individual rights will be willingly relinquished for the guarantee of their well-being granted to them by the World Government." - Henry Kissinger, Bilderberger Conference in Evians, France, 1991 his speech was taped by a Swiss delegate to the meeting. "It cannot happen without U.S. participation, as we are the most significant single component. Yes, there will be a New World Order, and it will force the United States to change its perceptions." -Henry Kissinger World Affairs Council Press Conference, Regent Beverly Wilshire Hotel, 19 April 1994 "We are grateful to the Washington Post, the New York Times, Time Magazine and other great publications whose directors have attended our meetings and respected their promises of discretion for almost forty years. It would have been impossible for us to develop our plan for the world if we had been subjected to the lights of publicity during those years. But, the world is more sophisticated and prepared to march towards a world government. The supranational sovereignty of an intellectual elite and world bankers is surely preferable to the national autodetermination practiced in past." -David Rockefeller. "For more than a century, ideological extremists at either end of the political spectrum have seized upon well-publicized incidents to attack the Rockefeller family for the inordinate influence they claim we wield over American political and economic institutions. Some even believe we are part of a secret cabal working against the best interests of the United States, characterizing my family and me as "internationalists" and of conspiring with others around the world to build a more integrated global political and economic structure - one world, if you will. If that's the charge, I stand guilty, and I am proud of it." -David Rockefeller "We are on the verge of a global transformation. All we need is the right major crisis and the nations will except the New World Order." -David Rockefeller "In the next century, nations as we know them will be obsolete; all states will recognize a single, Global Authority. National sovereignty wasn't such a great idea after all." - Strobe Talbot, President Clinton's Deputy Secretary of State, Time Magazine, July 20th, l992 "We can't be so fixated on our desire to preserve the rights of ordinary Americans..." -Bill Clinton 1993 "If the personal freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution inhibit the government's ability to govern the people, we should look to limit those guarantees." -Bill Clinton "You know, by the time you become the leader of a country, someone else makes all the decisions. … You may find you can get away with virtual presidents, virtual prime ministers, virtual everything." -Bill Clinton "The Final Act of the Uruguay Round, marking the conclusion of the most ambitious trade negotiation of our century, will give birth - in Morocco - to the World Trade Organization, the third pillar of the New World Order, along with the United Nations and the International Monetary Fund." -Government of Morocco, April 1994 New York Times "If the political-correctness fascists get their way, we can safely assume it will be correct-thinking, "political cleansing" squads deciding what we can or cannot say on the Intenet. These people fear public debate and demand homogenization of "acceptable" attitudes compatible with their emotional, utopian idealism." -Charles W. Moore "The interests behind the Bush Administration, such as the CFR, The Trilateral Commission -- founded by Brzezinski for David Rockefeller -- and the Bilderberger Group, have prepared for and are now moving to implement open world dictatorship within the next five years. They are not fighting against terrorists. They are fighting against citizens." - Dr. Johannes B. Koeppl, PhD former German defense ministry official and advisor to former NATO Secretary General Manfred Werne "If the New World Order agenda is not realized by the terrorist attacks on America and if Americans don’t agree to give up their weapons and relinquish their sovereignty to the New World Order, the next attack will be the use of chemical, biological and/or atomic warfare against the American people. The architects of the New World Order will not hesitate to use as a last resort an atomic or hydrogen bomb in a major American city." -New York Times, 24 Sept. 2001 "A secret blueprint for US global domination reveals that President Bush and his cabinet were planning a premeditated attack on Iraq to secure regime change even before he took power in January 2001… It has been called a secret blueprint for US global domination. … A small group of people with a plan to remove Saddam Hussein long before George W. Bush was elected president. … And 9/11 provided the opportunity to set it in motion. Not since Mein Kampf has a geopolitical punch been so blatantly telegraphed years ahead of the blow." -Ted Koppel Nightline, 5 March 2003, quoting the Glasgow Sunday Herald (Sept. 15, 2002) I don't give a goddamn. I'm president and the Commander-in-Chief. Do it my way. Stop throwing the constitution in my face. It's just a goddamned piece of paper! -George W Bush "The system will be made up of a single currency, single centrally financed government, single tax system, single language, single political system, single world court of justice, single head (one individual leader), single state religion. ...Each person will have a registered number, withoutwhich he will not be allowed to buy or sell; and there will be one universal world church. Anyone who refuses to take part in this universal system will have no right to exist." -Dr. Kurt E. Koch Professor, Lectured at 100 Universities in 65 countries on 5 continents. Subjects of expertise: New World Order, Occultism, Extreme Movements, Parapsychology. His assessment of the coming N.W.O. under the United Nations is that it will reduce everything to one common denominator "Is there a number or mark planned for the hand or forehead in a new cashless society? YES, and I have seen the machines that are now ready to put it into operation." -Ralph Nader "When they took the 4th Amendment, I was quiet because I didn't deal drugs. When they took the 6th Amendment, I was quiet because I am innocent. When they took the 2nd Amendment, I was quiet because I don't own a gun. Now they have taken the 1st Amendment, and I can only be quiet." -Lyle Myhr More to come... .. From Barrack Obama??? "In a time of universal deceit, telling the truth is a revolutionary act." George Orwell Who is ignorant? The Democrats or Republicans? Answer is Both. Get a clue or America is screwed! Good night and good luck! God help America. My own personal Diatribe? You have got to be kidding me.
Have anyone received a similar e-mail which appears to be a Hoax ?The mail came from "bawa_b2005@yahoo.co.uk" Greetings! I am requesting your hand of partnership into investment . This investment proposal I wish to intimate you with is of mutual benefit and its success is entirely based on mutual trust, cooperation and a high level of confidentiality as regard this transaction. I am Mrs.Mariam Bawa the wife of Late Mr. Benson Bawa the former general manager Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines (ZCCM). I got your contact from a business directory and advertising in the office of the Uk/Asia chamber of commerce here in London. I am seeking your assistance to enable me invest the sum of US$15,500,000.00 (Fifteen Million, Five Hundred Thousand United States Dollars) into your country. So l contacted you, because l cannot invest in your country without an assistant from someone from your country, l will like you to advice me on a very lucrative business like real estate and housing there that l can invest and the procedure before the investment. As a widow and civil servant still in active government service, I am forbidden by law of my country to operate an account or invest outside the shores of Zambia. Hence I write this message to you, seeking your assistance , confidentiality and cooperation so as to enable me invest the above said amount which my husband kept in London security Volt, with out the knowledge of my country government. For further details as to the workability of this investment proposal please reach me as soon as possible with all your personal contact , name , address, phone and fax numbers and information for further clarification with your contacts, if your really interested in doing this business with me as my partner . Please, email me on receipt of this mail .Thank you and God bless as I await your urgent response. Yours Sincerely, Mrs. Mariam Bawa
How do the Image Search companies get away with displaying copyrighted photographs/clipart on their sites? Using any "Image Search" engine, virtually anyone can capture/save, download, store, e-mail to a friend, and/or use small bit-mapped images displayed as thumbnails on the image search sites of Google, Yahoo, Microsoft, AOL, and Ask.com. With certain kinds of clipart, the thumbnail picture is the actual size most often used in commerce (i.e. on other websites, business cards, e-mail greetings). How are these companies able to bypass U.S. Copyright laws in this process?
Who would vote for Mitt Romney on his record? I have finally, after extensive research found part of his record. Wow, what a record.!! I am posting my findings with this question for those who doesn't like to open web sites. News * All News * In The News * Press Releases * Speeches * Debate Central * Word On The Web * Photo Gallery * Events * Chat Archive The Fourteenth Republican Debate From Florida Pat Buchanan: "His Performance Was Flawless" Thursday, Jan 24, 2008 11:56 PM EDT What They're Really Saying About Governor Mitt Romney At The Boca Raton, FL GOP Debate - Vol. II Thursday, Jan 24, 2008 11:55 PM EDT MSNBC'S Chuck Todd: "Romney looks good and sounds confident tonight." (Chuck Todd, "Romney Starting Off Well Tonight," MSNBC's First Read, http://firstread.msnbc.msn.com/, Posted 1/24/08) The Atlantic's Marc Ambinder: "Romney made a strong first impression." (Marc Ambinder, "Live Twittering Of The Debate," The Atlantic, http://twitter.com/marcambinder, Posted 1/24/08) Captain's Quarters' Ed Morrissey: "Florida voters got their final head-to-head look at the Republican presidential candidates tonight, and the winner of the debate was Mitt Romney." (Ed Morrissey, "Florida Debate: Romney Scores, Rudy Close Behind," Captain's Quarters' Blog, www.captainsquartersblog.com, Posted 1/24/08) - Morrissey: "He looked presidential, poised, and factually prepared." (Ed Morrissey, "Florida Debate: Romney Scores, Rudy Close Behind," Captain's Quarters' Blog, www.captainsquartersblog.com, Posted 1/24/08) - Morrissey: "In a debate that spent the first two-thirds with everyone doing well, Romney not only broke out on his own in the last stanza, he successfully parried some strange attacks from Tim Russert as well." (Ed Morrissey, "Florida Debate: Romney Scores, Rudy Close Behind," Captain's Quarters' Blog, www.captainsquartersblog.com, Posted 1/24/08) Michelle Malkin: "Romney's being treated like the front-runner and he's acting like it." (Michelle Malkin, "GOP Florida Debate: Show Us The Conservatism," Michelle Malkin's Blog, http://michellemalkin.com/, Accessed 1/24/08) Townhall's Hugh Hewitt: "Mitt Romney should send a thank you card to Tim Russert and Brian Williams. They threw hard balls at the former Massachusetts governor and he hit them all, many out of the park. Romney's allocation of time had to be disproportionate, but that was the Williams/Russert choice, and Romney made the most of it." (Hugh Hewitt, "'General Hillary Clinton' And 'They're Doing It In Europe Now,'" Townhall Blog, http://hughhewitt.townhall.com/, Posted 1/24/08) - Hewitt: "Democrats watching tonight have to be very worried that Mitt Romney will be the GOP nominee." (Hugh Hewitt, "'General Hillary Clinton' And 'They're Doing It In Europe Now,'" Townhall Blog, http://hughhewitt.townhall.com/, Posted 1/24/08) American Spectator's Wlady: "Terrific Romney answer to Russert's nosiness about how much he's spent in Florida. Russert's mistake: his insinuation that he was asking the question on behalf of the people's right to know. Romney instead let it be known he'll report his spending on Jan. 31, as required by law; and there's no reason to give his opponents a competitive advantage." (Wlady, "Rich Man, Poor Man," AmSpec Blog, http://www.amspec.org/, Accessed 1/24/08) ABC News' Rick Klein: "Romney gets an initial question on the economy -- this is tailor made for him. ? He sounds authoritative and in control on this subject." (Rick Klein, "Live Blogging During GOP Debate," ABC News' Political Radar, http://blogs.abcnews.com/politicalradar, Posted 1/24/08) National Journal's Jennifer Skalka: "Winners?Mitt Romney -- Mistake-free night." (Jennifer Skalka, "No Battle In Boca," National Journal's On Call, http://hotlineblog.nationaljournal.com/, Posted 1/24/08) Heading Right's Ed Morrissey: "Best line of the evening so far: General Hillary Clinton." (Ed Morrissey, "Best Line Of The Evening So Far," Heading Right Blog, http://headingright.com/, Accessed 1/24/08) - Morrissey: "Romney just delivered a hell of a punch against Hillary Clinton, Bill, and the Democrats." (Ed Morrissey, "Romney Lapping The Pack," Heading Right Blog, http://headingright.com/, Accessed 1/24/08) - Morrissey: "I am impressed." (Ed Morrissey, "Romney's Running Away With It!" Heading Right Blog, http://headingright.com/, Accessed 1/24/08) American Spectator's Phillip Klein: "Romney is clearly benefiting from the focus on the economy." (Phillip Klein, "Quick Debate Reaction," AmSpec Blog, http://www.amspec.org/blogger, Accessed 1/24/08) Heading Right's Fausta Wertz: "[Y]es, this is the Mitt Romney hour." (Fausta, "Back To Mitt," Heading Right Blog, http://headingright.com/, Accessed 1/24/08) Townhall's Matt Lewis: "If one had to assign a winner tonight, Mitt Romney would probably get the nod." (Matt Lewis, "GOP Debate Analysis: Florida Now A Two-Man Race," Townhall Blog, www.townhall.com, Posted 1/24/08) - Lewis: "The debate focused more on the economy than it did on any other topic, and I think he is more adept at talking about this topic than is his primary opponent, John McCain." (Matt Lewis, "GOP Debate Analysis: Florida Now A Two-Man Race," Townhall Blog, www.townhall.com, Posted 1/24/08) - Lewis: "He also did a good job of going after the Clintons -- something that McCain should have actually done more of." (Matt Lewis, "GOP Debate Analysis: Florida Now A Two-Man Race," Townhall Blog, www.townhall.com, Posted 1/24/08) - Lewis: "Romney was ahead in the last Florida poll I saw, and since nothing that happened tonight is likely to radically upset the apple cart, he wins tonight merely by maintaining the status quo." (Matt Lewis, "GOP Debate Analysis: Florida Now A Two-Man Race," Townhall Blog, www.townhall.com, Posted 1/24/08) What They're Really Saying About Governor Mitt Romney At The Boca Raton, FL GOP Debate Thursday, Jan 24, 2008 11:11 PM EDT MSNBC's Joe Scarborough: "I think conservatives probably related to Mitt Romney, talking about tax cuts, talking about being a governor, talking about what he did in the private sector for all those years. On the economic part of this debate, I don't think there is any doubt that this was Mitt Romney's best performance." (MSNBC's "Live," 1/24/08) - Scarborough: "The first 30 minutes - it was about the economy. I thought Mitt Romney absolutely dominated that segment of it." (MSNBC's "Live," 1/24/08) Time's Mark Halperin: "Romney A-" (Mark Halperin, "Who Wants To Be The Nominee?" Time's The Page, http://thepage.time.com/, Posted 1/24/08) MSNBC's Chuck Todd: "I thought this was Mitt Romney's best debate performance." (MSNBC's "Live," 1/24/08) National Review's Rich Lowry: "Romney has seemed authoritative – confident and on his game..." (Rich Lowry, "The Debate So Far," National Review's The Corner, http://corner.nationalreview.com/, Posted 1/24/08) - Lowry: "'We're the Party of Change' ... Home-run answer from Romney. It was drawn from his standard lines on the stump, but a terrific message, convincingly delivered." (Rich Lowry, "'We're The Party Of Change'," National Review's The Corner, http://corner.nationalreview.com/, Posted 1/24/08) - Lowry: "Good night for Romney." (Rich Lowry, "Good Night For Romney," National Review's The Corner, http://corner.nationalreview.com/, Posted 1/24/08) - Lowry: "Romney is dominating the last half-an-hour." (Rich Lowry, "In Terms Of Sheer Time..." National Review's The Corner, http://corner.nationalreview.com/, Posted 1/24/08) Townhall's Mary Katharine Ham: "Romney just stole that issue from both Rudy and McCain. His answer was intelligent and far-reaching. I liked the idea of high-risk areas getting together to pool risk. Rudy's been trying to pander with this idea and I think both Romney and McCain made the pandering look silly by taking a broader approach." (Mary Katharine Ham, "The Cat Fund," Townhall Blog, http://www.townhall.com/, Posted 1/24/08) National Review's Kate O'Beirne: "Romney's insights about his state's National Guard was helpful. He seems particularly aggressive and sure-footed tonight." (Kate O'Beirne, "On Offense," National Review's The Corner, http://corner.nationalreview.com/, Posted 1/24/08) Michelle Malkin: "Excellent Romney answer on Iraq. Strong, tough, focused on the surrendercrats. He takes on Dems for their withdrawalmania?cites debate in SC when Hillary refused to say she wanted to win and recycled Code Pink line." (Michelle Malkin, "GOP Florida Debate," http://michellemalkin.com/, Posted 1/24/08) - Malkin: "Romney excoriates Dems and says 'how dare they' take credit for surge." (Michelle Malkin, "GOP Florida Debate," http://michellemalkin.com/, Posted 1/24/08) - Malkin: "Romney just out-McCained McCain on the war." (Michelle Malkin, "GOP Florida Debate," http://michellemalkin.com/, Posted 1/24/08) The Atlantic's Marc Ambinder: "Romney was swell on the economy..." (Marc Ambinder, "Romney Made A Strong First Impression... No One Tried To Jab At Him," Twitter Blog, http://twitter.com/marcambinder, Posted 1/24/08) Hot Air's Bryan Preston: "Mitt Romney is asked whether the war in Iraq was worth the sacrifice and effort. He delivers the best answer of the bunch and punches the hippies in the Democrat party to boot." (Bryan Preston, "Debate Highlights: Huckabee On The Economic Stimulus; Romney On Iraq," Hot Air, http://hotair.com/, Posted 1/24/08) Joe Scarborough: "Mitt Romney Absolutely Dominated" Thursday, Jan 24, 2008 11:00 PM EDT Governor Mitt Romney Lays Out The Vision To Strengthen America Thursday, Jan 24, 2008 10:38 PM EDT Tonight, Romney for President Communications Director Matt Rhoades released the following statement on the Florida Republican presidential debate: "The economic challenges confronting our country were central to tonight's debate. Governor Romney is the only candidate with a record of working in the real economy and creating jobs. That experience was on display tonight. He understands how to create jobs and how to bring change. That is the leadership we need in Washington, and in a few short days, the people of Florida will cast their votes for change in this country." Straight Talk Detour: McCain On Republican Vote Totals Thursday, Jan 24, 2008 10:30 PM EDT McCain Falsely Claimed That He Won Among Republicans In NH And SC In Tonight's Debate, Sen. McCain Falsely Claimed That He Won The Republican Vote In Both New Hampshire And South Carolina: MCCAIN: "But Look, I Won The Majority Of Republican Vote In Both New Hampshire And South Carolina." (MSNBC, [Unverified Transcript], Republican Presidential Candidate Debate, Boca Raton, FL, 1/24/08) However, Sen. McCain Lost In Both New Hampshire And South Carolina Among Self-Identified Conservatives And Republicans : McCain Lost Among Self-Identified Republicans In New Hampshire. "In New Hampshire, a state McCain had won in 2000 and lavished time and attention on this time around, he lost self-identified Republicans narrowly -- 35 percent to 34 percent -- to former governor Mitt Romney. But, it was among independents where McCain's winning margin came as he won that bloc by 13 points over Romney." (Chris Cillizza, "McCain And The Closed Primary Challenge," Washington Post's The Fix, http://blog.washingtonpost.com/, 1/24/08) McCain Lost Among Republicans In South Carolina. "In South Carolina, McCain lost Republicans by a statistically insignificant margin, but carried independents by a massive 42 percent to 25 percent margin -- ensuring his narrow three-point victory." (Chris Cillizza, "McCain And The Closed Primary Challenge," Washington Post's The Fix, http://blog.washingtonpost.com/,1/24/08) Conservatives Are Wary Of McCain's Past Tendencies And Willingness To Team Up With Liberal Senators. "McCain has long had difficulty currying favor from his party's conservative wing. Despite his solid voting record in the senate, many ardent Republicans have been unhappy with his past willingness to team up with liberal Sens. Russ Feingold on campaign finance reform and Ted Kennedy on immigration." (Alexander Mooney, "McCain Brushes Aside Suggestion Of Weak Republican Support," http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/01/20/mccain-brushes-aside-suggestion-of-weak-republican-support/, 1/20/08) "Support from the base will be crucial in upcoming contests: McCain now faces a bevy of state primaries where independents are not allowed to participate, beginning with Florida's vote on January 29. But the Arizona senator is predicting that his support among veterans, his economic proposals, and his record on environmental issues important to many Floridians will carry him to victory there." (Alexander Mooney, "McCain Brushes Aside Suggestion Of Weak Republican Support," http://politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com/2008/01/20/mccain-brushes-aside-suggestion-of-weak-republican-support/, 1/20/08) Gov. Romney: Working Together On Social Security Thursday, Jan 24, 2008 10:20 PM EDT Romney Record: A Stronger State Economy Thursday, Jan 24, 2008 09:49 PM EDT Governor Romney Helped Turn Around The Massachusetts Economy And Today, The State Is Among The Most Economically Competitive In The Nation: Because of work done by Governor Romney, Massachusetts is now credited with being one of the most economically-competitive states in the nation. - The Boston Globe : "Nonetheless, Romney's policies are credited with improving the state's competitiveness. His administration promoted high-density development to increase housing production, got a fast-track permitting law enacted by the Legislature to help businesses expand, and revived an agency to help firms move to the state." (Brian Mooney, Stephanie Ebbert and Scott Helman, "Ambitious Goals," The Boston Globe, 6/30/07) - The Beacon Hill Institute: Massachusetts "One Of The Most Economically Competitive States In The Nation." "Massachusetts ranks as the one of the most economically competitive states in the nation, buoyed by innovation, entrepreneurship, and an educated and skilled workforce, a new study concludes. The study, released today by the Beacon Hill Institute, a think tank at Suffolk University, ranks Massachusetts second only to Utah in the attributes that create and sustain high levels of income for residents." (Robert Gavin, "Reports: Mass. A Top U.S. Economic Competitor," The Boston Globe, 12/19/07) - The Information Technology And Innovation Foundation: Massachusetts First In The Ability "To Compete In A Dynamic, Innovation-Driven Global Economy." "It follows another study, by the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation, a Washington think tank, that measures states' abilities to compete in a dynamic, innovation-driven global economy and ranks Massachusetts first." (Robert Gavin, "Reports: Mass. A Top U.S. Economic Competitor," The Boston Globe, 12/19/07) - Under Governor Romney, The State's Credit Rating Was Upgraded For The First Time Since January 2000. "Governor Mitt Romney today announced that Standard & Poor's has raised the state's credit rating one notch, from 'AA-' to 'AA'. This is the state's first ratings upgrade since January 2000, when Moody's Investors Service raised the state's credit rating from 'Aa3' to 'Aa2'." (Office Of Governor Mitt Romney, "Governor Romney Announces Bond Rating Upgrade For Commonwealth's Debate," Press Release, 3/15/05) - MassINC And Northeastern University Report: "The Massachusetts economy is the envy of many other states. Our economy consistently ranks among the top in measures of New Economy success. We rank near the top of the nation in our level of labor productivity and have outpaced the nation in recent years in the rate of growth. We have the most educated workforce in the nation. We also score near the top in terms of knowledge jobs and innovation capacity." (MassINC & The Northeastern University Center For Labor Market Studies, "Mass Jobs: Meeting The Challenges Of A Shifting Economy," November 2007) Under Governor Romney, Massachusetts Added Tens Of Thousands Of Jobs After The End Of A Deep Recession: Before Governor Romney took office, Massachusetts was losing jobs month after month after the tech bubble burst in 2001. Under Governor Jane Swift, Sen. McCain's chief Massachusetts surrogate, the state lost over 140,000 jobs. - Massachusetts "Suffered The Deepest Job Losses In The Nation After The Tech Boom." "Massachusetts, because of its large technology sector, suffered the deepest job losses in the nation after the tech boom went bust in 2001, shedding 6 percent of its jobs, compared to 2 percent nationally." (Robert Gavin, "Job-Growth Study: Mass. Next To Last," The Boston Globe, 11/28/07) - Under The Previous Administration, Massachusetts Lost Jobs Month After Month. Under Governor Swift, Massachusetts lost 141,000 votes. (Bureau Of Labor Statistics, "State And Area Employment, Hours, And Earnings," Massachusetts, Total Non-Farm, Seasonally Adjusted, Accessed 1/21/08) Under Governor Romney, jobs began to return to Massachusetts. Massachusetts added 57,600 jobs after the recession ended in December 2003. In 2006 alone, Massachusetts added 18,700 jobs. - Massachusetts Added 57,600 Jobs Since The Recession's End In December 2003 Until The End Of Governor Romney's Term. "Massachusetts has added 57,600 payroll jobs since December 2003." (Massachusetts Department Of Workforce Development, "Jobs In Massachusetts Up By 1,700 In December," Press Release, 1/18/07) - In 2006, Massachusetts Added 18,700 Jobs. "Total jobs are up 18,700 from one year ago to 3,224,700." (Mass. Department Of Workforce Development, "Jobs In Massachusetts Up By 1,700 In December," Press Release, 1/18/07) - Under Governor Romney, Massachusetts Posted The First Gain In Manufacturing Jobs In Several Years. "For the first time in several years, Massachusetts has posted a gain in manufacturing jobs, according to the 2007 Massachusetts Manufacturers Register, an industrial directory published annually by Manufacturers' News, Inc. (MNI), Evanston, IL. MNI reports Massachusetts has added 3,681 net jobs since August of 2005, indicating a slight reversal in the downturn the Bay state has felt since 2001." (Manufacturers' News, "Industrial Directory Reports Massachusetts Manufacturing Jobs Up," Press Release, 8/30/06) Under Governor Romney, personal incomes grew dramatically, and the level of personal income was far higher than the national average. - During Governor Romney's Term, Massachusetts Per Capita Personal Income (PCPI) Grew By 17%, Outpacing Per Capita Personal Income Growth For The Entire United States. In 2003, Massachusetts per capita personal income was $39,442 and rose to $46,255 in 2006. (Department Of Commerce, Bureau Of Economic Analysis, "State Annual Personal Income," www.bea.gov, Accessed: 1/21/08) - In 2006, Massachusetts Had A Per Capita Personal Income (PCPI) Of $46,255. This PCPI Ranked 3rd In The United States And Was 126 Percent Of The National Average, $36,629. (Department Of Commerce, Bureau Of Economic Analysis, "State BEARFACTS 1996 – 2006: Massachusetts," Accessed: 1/21/08) Under Governor Romney, Massachusetts Became A Better Place To Do Business: Under Governor Romney, the business climate improved and more companies were attracted to Massachusetts. - In Three Years Under Governor Romney, The Number Of Companies In The State's Development Pipeline Went From 13 To 288. "Under Ranch C. Kimball, who became Romney's secretary of economic development in 2004, the number of companies in the Massachusetts development pipeline jumped from 13 to 288 in three years." (Brian C. Mooney, Stephanie Ebbert And Scott Helman, "Ambitious Goals," The Boston Globe, 6/30/07) - The Boston Globe : "Last year, Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. chose an 89-acre site at the former Fort Devens over one in North Carolina for a $660 million complex that will create 550 jobs. The deal required a customized tax credit, a $34 million infrastructure bond, and an unusual show of teamwork by Romney and the Legislature." (Brian Mooney, Stephanie Ebbert And Scott Helman, "Ambitious Goals," The Boston Globe, 6/30/07) Governor Romney took the action necessary to improve the state's business climate and stimulate the economy through pro-growth economic policies. - ECONOMIC STIMULUS PACKAGE: In November 2003, Governor Romney Signed An Economic Stimulus Package To Help Spur The Massachusetts Economy. (Office Of Governor Mitt Romney, "Romney Signs Economic Stimulus, Supplemental Budget Bills," Press Release, 11/26/03) - ECONOMIC STIMULUS PACKAGE: In June 2006, Governor Romney Signed A Second Economic Stimulus Package To Help Spur The Massachusetts Economy. (Office Of Governor Mitt Romney, "Romney Vetoes Wasteful Spending, Cities Needed To Maintain Fiscal Discipline," Press Release, 11/26/03) - 2004 SALES TAX HOLIDAY: Governor Romney Enacted The State's First-Ever Sales Tax Holiday In 2004. (Office Of Governor Mitt Romney, "Romney Promotes Tax-Free Shopping Day On Saturday," Press Release, 8/14/04) - 2005 SALES TAX HOLIDAY: Governor Romney Enacted A Second Sales Tax Holiday. (Office Of Governor Mitt Romney, "Romney, Dimasi, Hart Promote Tax-Free Shopping Weekend," Press Release, 8/14/0) - INVESTMENT TAX CREDIT: Governor Romney Signed An Economic Stimulus Package Making The Investment Tax Credit (ITC) Permanent. (Office Of Governor Mitt Romney, "Romney Signs Economic Stimulus, Supplemental Budget Bills," Press Release, 11/26/03) - BIOTECH MANUFACTURING JOBS TAX REBATE: Governor Romney Proposed And Enacted A Tax Rebate For Manufacturing Jobs Created In The Biotechnology, Life Sciences And Medical Device Fields. (Office Of Governor Mitt Romney, "Romney Signs Economic Stimulus, Supplemental Budget Bills," Press Release, 11/26/03) - RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT TAX CREDIT: Governor Romney Proposed And Enacted An Expansion Of The Research And Development Tax Credit. (Jay Fitzgerald, "Gov Nearly Halves Package; Rebellious Legislators Vow To Override Stimulus Vetoes," The Boston Herald, 11/27/03) - COMMUTER TAX RELIEF: Governor Romney Signed Legislation Allowing Commuters To Deduct Transportation Costs From Their Income Taxes. (Office Of Governor Mitt Romney, "Governor Romney Signs $25.2 Billion FY 2007 State Budget," Press Release, 7/8/06) - BUSINESS DEVELOPMENT: Governor Romney Proposed And Enacted A Refundable Tax Credit To Promote Development At The Former Fort Devens U.S. Army Base. (Stephen Heuser, "$660M Drug Plant, 550 Jobs For Mass.," The Boston Globe, 6/2/06) - PERMITTING REFORM: In August 2006, Governor Romney Signed Permitting Reform To Expedite The Permit Process For New Businesses. "Governor Mitt Romney today signed legislation that reforms and streamlines the commercial permitting process, making it easier for companies to expand and add jobs in Massachusetts." (Office Of Governor Mitt Romney, "Romney Signs Permitting Reform Into Law," Press Release, 8/2/06) - INFRASTRUCTURE: Governor Romney Created A $200 Million Fund To Help Businesses Pay For The Infrastructure Costs Of Growing And Expanding. "The Governor signed into law the $200 million in bonding, half of which will go into a fund under the control of the Executive Office of Economic Development (EED) to help pay for infrastructure costs to help businesses grow and expand." (Office Of Governor Mitt Romney, "Romney Vetoes Wasteful Spending, Cities Needed To Maintain Fiscal Discipline," Press Release, 11/26/03) - MARKETING MASSACHUSETTS: Governor Romney Expanded Massachusetts' In-State Sales Force. "The Governor also signed $1.5 million for the creation of an in-state sales force to market Massachusetts to companies around the country." (Office Of Governor Mitt Romney, "Romney Vetoes Wasteful Spending, Cities Needed To Maintain Fiscal Discipline," Press Release, 11/26/03) I have one prescription that costs more than the insurance cost in Mass.
Need help with term paper topic (E-Commerce law).? my topic must cover a state act or a federal act. This act must effect e-commerce. any suggestions will help. Thanks
When is is it "OK" to violate US imagration laws? Do you need to have skills that benefit e-commerce ? Do you need to provide a "clean bil of health?" Should your ansectry embrace Christianity, Judism, should this be a deciding factor? Does it matter if you have been a rape victum, or your husband or parents were killed by US uspported militants?
Plz assit me with this business law class questionsn i read the book for info but still have a problem? 9)Ann promises to pay her cousin Bert, who is dangerously obese, $10,000 if Bert loses 100 pounds within the next two years. Bert agrees, per¬forms his part of the bar¬gain, and asks for the money. Ann refuses to pay, saying that she forgot about the deal, but that even if she did make such a pledge, there was no valid consideration for it. Bert files a suit against Ann. In whose favor is the court likely to rule, and why? 3)Ann operates Ann’s Fruits & Vegetables, a small market stocked entirely with produce grown on her adjacent farm. Under what clause of the Constitution can the federal government regulate Ann’s activities? What is Ann’s best argument against federal regulation of her farm and business? 11)Best Products, Inc., hires Cole to develop and implement an e-commerce strategy for marketing Best’s products. Cole signs a contract that in¬cludes a clause prohibiting him from competing with Best during and af¬ter the employment. Before the strategy is implemented, Cole resigns from Best’s employ and opens a business to compete with Best. In Best’s suit against Cole, to determine whether Cole may compete with Best, what is the most important factor the court should consider?
30 days Plan to resemble a command economy in 30 days: free market and progress for all? Please Read This : http://www.mises.org/story/2685
Is this the 'elastic clause' a constitutional contradiction? Article 1 sec. 8 referres to the power of Congress to make all laws "necessary and proper" to effectively do their jobs. This has been the basis for Congress acting in areas that aren't outlined in the Constitution (i.e. labor, inter-state commerce, education, etc...) But later on, the Constitution specifically states that all powers not granted in the Constitution are to be reserved by the individual states and citizens; so which should the Supreme Court consider when questioning the constitutionality of any given law?
How do you like this Social Security Admin. Report: Bush Administration Guilty of Hiring Illegal Aliens ? Social Security Admin. Report: Bush Administration Guilty of Hiring Illegal Aliens If President Bush is serious about getting tough on U.S. employers who hire illegal aliens, he can start with his own administration, which employs thousands of unauthorized workers, says the top Republican on the House immigration subcommittee. A 2006 audit showed federal, state and local governments are among the biggest employers of the half-million persons in the U.S. illegally using "non-work" Social Security numbers — numbers issued legally, but with specific instructions that the holders are not authorized to work in the U.S. "Let's clean up our own house, let's especially clean up the federal employment of all those working for the federal government," said Rep. Steve King, Iowa Republican and ranking member of the House Judiciary Committee's immigration subcommittee. The Social Security Administration used to, but no longer does, issue non-work numbers to legal aliens who were not authorized to work but needed a number to obtain a federal or state benefit or service. Still, hundreds of thousands of those immigrants used the numbers to get a job. According to the 2006 audit by the Social Security inspector general, 17 of the 100 worst employers using employees with non-work numbers were government agencies: seven federal agencies, seven state agencies and three local governments. That means the government knows who those employees are, but usually does not go after them. Earlier this month, Homeland Security and Commerce departments announced a new crackdown on illegal entry that includes stricter enforcement against employers. The departments said they will encourage businesses to use E-Verify to check employees' Social Security numbers, and said the federal government will write new rules requiring all private contractors and vendors that do business with it to use E-Verify. Under current law, neither business nor federal agencies are required to use E-Verify, formerly known as the Basic Pilot Program. Mr. King said the administration shouldn't wait for new rules to begin checking federal employees against the non-work list. http://washingtontimes.com/apps/pbcs...108230096/1001
Should we give money to poor ppl? ZAKAAT (Alms) Ramadan is the month of giving and benevolence, the Messenger was more benevolent than a falling rain. Muslims are encouraged to emulate the Messenger of Allah (saas), to assess and pay their Zakaat during the month of Ramadan, thus combining the two pillars of Islam at the same time. Zakaat (alms) is the name of what a believer returns out of his or her wealth to the neediest of Muslims for the sake of the Almighty Allah. It is called Zakaat because the word Zakaat is from Zakaa which means, to increase, purify and bless. Who Should Give Zakaat The obligation of Zakaat is mandatory on every Muslim who possesses the minimum Nisaab, whether the person is man, woman, young, old sane or insane. Because the proof of Zakaat in Al-Qur`an and Sunnah is general and does not exclude young or insane. Allah (SWT) stated that: "Of their goods take alms so that thou mightiest purify and sanctify them..." (Al-Qur`an, 9: 103) Imam Ibn Hazim said that every Muslim young or old sane or insane needs to cleanse his or her wealth with Zakaat because of generality of the evidence. Anas bin Malik reported that the Messenger of Allah (saas) said: "Trade with the money of the orphan, lest it is eaten up by Zakaat." (At-Tabraani) In another Hadith `Amru bin Shuaib related from his grandfather that the Messenger of Allah said: "Whoever is entrusted with money of an orphan should trade with it and should not leave it sitting to be used up by charity." (Tirmidhi) The point of reference in these reports is that the Messenger (saas) urged the trustee on the estate of people who due to age or other reasons cannot manage their own financial affairs, to invest it in a business that will yield a return and make it grow until they are in a position to do so themselves. For, if proper investment is not made with an ophan's inheritance, it will be depleted by charity, thus leaving the orphan with little or nothing. The Nisaab The Lawgiver, Allah has prescribed the minimum amount that is obligatory for Zakaat in different ranges of properties, and that minimum amount is known as nisaab. The reason for nisaab is to ensure that no one is forced to give Zakaat out of what he or she does not have, and that no wealth goes without Zakaat. Nisaab is also an insurance against the tyranny of the state to tax the poor and or the neediest as is the case in many countries. Nisaab is a reference point for the average Muslim who is not sure whether he possesses the minimum wealth on which Zakaat is obligatory. The wealthy need not worry about the Nisaab. Zakaat is obligatory on their entire wealth and must be paid out at the end of financial year that they set for their Zakaat. The Nisaab will not be valid unless it fulfills two conditions: 1) The amount that has reached Nisaab must be the excess or surplus known as "faadil" from one's essential needs such as food, clothing, housing, vehicles, tools and machinery that is used in business. The essentials for living are exempted from Zakaat. Although what constitutes nisaab may change from one country to another, the amount that is needed for the basic needs of living in different countries is very similar, because the market place determines the prices, whether it is an official market or a non-official market. In the poorest countries people do without or live below the poverty standard, and that is why many go hungry or without basic essentials. However, we must realize that Zakaat is an act of worship (ebadah) like Salaat. The element of intention (niyyah) is necessary, and we should not overly rely on state agencies to determine for us the requirements of our religious duty. The so called the "consumption basket" (that is poverty level as determined the social security administration which are updated every fiscal year) may not be the same as what Islam considers minimum Nisaab. In the industrialized countries, the consumption basket may include items that are not necessarily essential, such as entertainment, extra clothing, variety of food, eating in restaurant or eating at home, owning more than one car as opposed to having three cars in the driveway, drinking water as opposed to juices, eating regular food or special "health" food. This is why I believe it is essential that we do not lose site of the fact that Zakaat is ebadah of wealth, like salaat and fasting. Non Muslims may consider all the things mentioned above as essentials while Muslims will not. Indeed, no Muslims in good standing will attempt to hide behind the label of consumption basket so as to evade Zakaat. Nisaab eliminates the possibility of injustice or unfair treatment of the Zakaat payer. To suggest that if we do not follow the rules of International Monetary Fund or the arbitrary figures of social security administration or department of agriculture we will be doing injustice to the Zakaat payer is ludicrous. 2) Nisaab must mature, that is the money is not liable for Zakaat unless it has remained a full year in the possession of a person. This is the understanding of the majority of the scholars. Imam Abu Hanifah (raa) said: "What should be considered is the existence of nisaab at the beginning and the end of the Zakaat year set by the payer". It does not matter if the nisaab money increases or decreases during the calendar year, as we will explain later. This condition does not include farm produce, for it is due on the day it is harvested. Allah (SWT) stated: "... But render the dues that are proper on the day that the harvest is gathered..." (Al-Qur`an, 6: 141) According to Imam Al-`Abadi, (raa) Zakaat money is of two kinds: one that by its nature can not be invested and Zakaat of this category is due on the day of harvest. This includes all the farm produce that is liable for Zakaat. The other is wealth that can be invested in the hope of a good return, like cash, gold or silver, because the opportunity is there that cash in one's hand can be invested for a good return. This includes currency investment, merchandise and livestock. Their Zakaat is not due until they have matured in one full year. The proof of this condition is the Hadith related by Ibn `Umar that the Messenger of Allah (saas) said: "He who acquires property is not liable for Zakaat on it till a year passes." According to Ibn Rushd (raa) this is the understanding of the majority of scholars, including the four rightly guided Khalifahs. Zakaat Of Salaries The condition of yearly term maturity applies to the commodities on which the Lawgiver said Zakaat is due, and this includes silver, gold, modern paper currency and livestock. Paper currency is analogous to silver, therefore, it takes the case of silver. There is no Zakaat on salary, earned income from wage earners or professionals or independent contractors until such money matures in a full year. There is no such thing as paying your Zakaat on the day you receive your paycheck. What the wage earner must know is that he or she can purify that money with charity (sadaqah) anytime they cash the paycheck. Allah (SWT) states: "And in their wealth and possessions (was remembered) the right of the needy, he who asks and he who (for some reason) was prevented (from asking)." (Al-Qur`an, 51: 19). We can deduce from the concept of "yearly maturity" of wealth on which Zakaat is due as encouraging, among other things, saving on the part of the Zakaat payer, and enhances the chances for eradicating poverty, because if the poor receives his rightful share of Zakaat there will be the possibility that he can take Zakaat money and invest it and become a Zakaat payer instead of recipient. This possibility will be lost if he receives few Zakaat dollars every month. To say that the wage earner just brings his check home and spends everything on necessities and lives from check to check with nothing left over means the person is eligible for Zakaat. Using farm produce as analogous to salary for Zakaat is wrong analogy. As Imam Al-`Abadi said, these are two different categories of money. $2, 500.00 cash can be invested by the person and expect a good return whereas it will be difficult to invest a bushel of corn. It can be traded as a commodity, which is what it is. This why we must know that analogy has rules that must be followed before it is applied. Certainly the jurists are unanimous that earned income, known as almal al-mustafadah, should either be added to existing money and wait until that amount reaches maturity and then give their Zakaat; or if there is no money on hand the time one possesses this money, he or she should wait one full year before assessing it for Zakaat. Zakaat is one of the five pillars of Islam and a vital element in the religion of Islam. It is the twin sister of Salaat. In Al-Qur`an, Allah (SWT) stated: "So establish regular Prayer and give regular Alms; and obey the Messenger; that you may receive mercy." (Al-Qur`an, 24: 56) Also, "...Establish regular Prayer and give regular Alms, and loan to Allah a beautiful loan...." (Al-Qur`an, 73: 20) "And they have been commanded no more than this: to worship Allah, offering Him sincere devotion, being true (in faith); to establish regular Prayer and to practice regular charity; and that is the religion right and straight." (Al-Qur`an, 98: 5) In a famous Hadith reported by `Umar Bin Khattab (raa), the Messenger of Allah (saas) responded to Jibreel (as) and said: "... Islam is to testify that there is no deity but Allah and Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah, to perform the prayer, to pay Zakaat, to observe fasting in Ramadan, and to make pilgrimage to the house of Allah if you are able to do os...." (Bukhari, Muslim) There is consensus among Muslim scholars that it is mandatory on every believer who is financially able. Whoever knowingly denies this obligation, while he possesses the minimum amount, would be considered a disbeliever and a renegade from Islam. Whoever is stingy, or tries to cheat, is considered among the wrongdoers. Zakaat is mandatory on four categories of items. 1. Farm produce of seeds and fruits, such as wheat, barley, rice, dates, raisins, cocoa, pistachios, coffee, cashews. Allah (SWT) stated: "O you who believe, give of the good things which you have (honorably) earned, and of the fruits of the earth which We have produced for you..." (Al-Qur`an, 2: 267) Also: "... But render the dues that are proper on the day that the harvest is gathered..." (Al-Qur`an, 6: 141) Thus, these two verses and many others indicate that Zakaat is due on farm products that reached the minimum amount (nisaab). No farm product is liable for Zakaat unless it is a product that is considered as food and can be stocked or saved naturally without refrigeration. If the produce is perishable fruit, such as grapes, there is no Zakaat. But if one sells them they will pay their Zakaat on the profit earned when it matures. The nisaab is 612 kilos, which equals 1,346.40 lb. There is no Zakaat on produce that is less than this amount. If the farm produce or crops grow dependant on rainwater, or without any man's labor or irrigation, Zakaat due is one-tenth of the total. If it is grown by irrigation, then the Zakaat due is half of one-tenth of the total produce. There is no Zakaat on fruits like apples or oranges or vegetables which are perishable and need refrigeration for long storage, but they should be considered as any income if the profit earned from their sale reaches the amount of Zakaat, then Zakaat should be given. 2. Cattle, including camels, cows, sheep and goats, that are freely graze and are raised for trade and production. For Zakaat to be obligatory, the number must reach the nisaab. The nisaab of camels is five, of cows 30, of sheep and goats, 40. By freely grazing is meant the animal goes out to feed without the owner buying or bringing it feed or hay. If it is not a grazing animal, there is no Zakaat in the stock by itself. The stock will, however, be considered as articles of trade, then will be assessed for Zakaat as articles of trade when the profit earned from their sale reaches the amount by itself or in combination with other articles of the trade. 3. Merchandise and goods of trade and commerce. This includes anything that is obtained for the business of buying and selling: land, animals, food provisions, fabric, cars, spare parts, etc. This inventory is evaluated annually and assessed for Zakaat, whether the value is the same as the amount spent on it, more, or less. The owners of grocery stores, like any other business, must evaluate every item and give their Zakaat. Simple bookkeeping of inventory, orders, cash on hand, and credits, that is non-delinquent loans, will give one a good picture of the zakaatable assets. But if one is unable to account for everything in the store or shop, he should assess it according to his ability until he is sure that his conscience is clear. There is no Zakaat on what is within one's dwelling or property which includes food, drinks, furniture, houses, animals, cars, clothes and shoes. The only exception is gold and silver. There is no Zakaat on assets from rentals or lease, whether they are apartment units, taxi cabs, etc. That is, there is no Zakaat on the apartment units, buses or cars for rental like yellow cabs company or trucks for rental or equipments. But there is Zakaat on the proceeds or incomes from these rental assets if these assets reach the executable amount, either by themselves or in combination with other assets. Business Activities Many scholars are of the opinion that any business activity that brings any return to the entrepreneur or investor should be assessed for Zakaat. If the activity has a prescribed nisaab, such as gold, silver or paper currency, that nisaab is applied for Zakaat. But if the business has no declared nisaab, its nisaab is the nisaab of commerce, one reason being that most business activities are considered as commerce and because, in actual fact, it is not factitious business name, such as GM, Apple or GE that is taxed for Zakaat, it is the individual investor. We do not tax cooperations such IBM, Apple, GM or Rajihy Bank but the individual investors, share holders and owners of these corporations. Indeed, there are enough rules in Zakaat books to cover all types of business activity, be it cash or risk investment. If the business activity is analogous to commerce, it should be assessed the same rate as commerce. To subject the business to a different Zakaat rate of 10%, which is the rate of farm products instead of its correct rate of 2.5%, the rate of commerce, is unfair and unjustified. Besides, there is no proof, even a weak one, to justify this unfair arbitrary taxation. The difference between 2.5% and 10% is high. The Zakaat system is not like a state revenue collection, but Allah's `ebadah. However, if a business person decides to give more than 2.5% after deducting all the expenses including depreciation, Allah (SWT) will accept it from him. 4. Gold and silver, whether used for commerce or jewelry. Allah (SWT) states: "...And there are those who bury gold and silver and spend it not in the way of Allah: announce unto them a most grievous penalty. On the day when heat will be produced out of that (wealth) in the fire of hell, and with it will be branded their foreheads, their flanks and their backs. This is the (treasure) which you buried for yourselves: taste you, then, the (treasures) you buried." (Al-Qur`an, 9: 34-35). By hoarding is meant refusal to give it in the path of Allah, which includes Zakaat. In a hadith reported by Abu Hurairah (raa), the Messenger of Allah (saas) said: "For the owner or possessor of gold and silver who does not fulfill its obligation, on the Day of Resurrection it will be cast into sheets of fire and be branded on his forehead, side and back. Whenever it cools it is to be repeated for him in a day whose length is the length of fifty thousand years, until the judgement is rendered among the people." (Muslim). By its obligation is meant assessing it for Zakaat. In another version: "No possessor of a treasure who does not give its Zakaat." Zakaat is mandatory in gold and silver, irrespective of its form: in coins, raw or nugget, or jewelry for wearing, or for rent, because of the generality of evidence of Zakaat without any detail. In a report by Abdullah bin `Amr bin `Aas (raa), he related that a woman came to the Messenger of Allah with her daughter. On the daughter's wrist were two heavy gold bracelets. The Messenger asked her, "Do you pay Zakaat on this?" She replied, "No." The Messenger said: "Would it please you that Allah will encircle you with two bracelets of fire?" The reporter commented that she took them off and threw them down in front of the Messenger, and said: "They are for Allah and his Messenger." (Ahmed, Tirmidhi). The Messenger's wife reported that: "The Messenger entered into my house and saw in my hand a huge ring made of silver, so he asked, `What is this?' I replied, `I made them to beautify myself for you, O Messenger of Allah.' He inquired, `Do you give their Zakaat?' I said, `No,' or `Allah willing.' He said: `It will suffice you in the hellfire.'" (Abu Dawuud). Zakaat is due on gold when it reaches the amount of (nisaab), which is 20 Dinaar. According to a hadith, the Messenger said: "No Zakaat on you is due until it reaches 20 dinaar." (Abu Dawud) The Islamic dinaar (currency) is one mithqal, a unit of weight which weighs four and one quarter of a gram. Thus, the nisaab is 85 grams. This is equal to $30.00 US dollars. Similarly, there is no Zakaat on silver until it reaches five oqiyah, because the Messenger said: "There is no Zakaat on less then five oqiyah." (Muslim/Bukhari) Oqiyah is equal to forty Islamic dirhams. The nisaab is 200 dirhams. One dirham is equivalent to 595 grams. The zakaatable amount in both the gold and silver is a quarter of a tenth only. Paper Currency There is Zakaat on modern paper currency because it is equivalent to silver. During the early days of Islam, silver and gold were the currency of exchange minted into dirham for silver and dinaar for gold. Silver, not gold, had a larger circulation. Thus many scholars are of opinion that silver should be the standard for the paper currencies of today because that is more advantageous to the Zakaat payer, as it raises the minimum nisaab whereas gold lowers it. Although both metals are no longer circulated, they are still considered as a security against ever fluctuating paper money. Silver should be used as a standard to assess Zakaat annually, not paper currency, even if the currency is hard currency like the US dollar, Yen and Deutch Mark or Pound Sterling. Because these currencies are backed by political decisions that may not have anything to do with the economy, the value and strength of this paper money depends largely on all haram usury system of interest rates. Thus, the Zakaat payer should look up in the local newspaper's financial or business section for the price of silver which is currently about $3.82. per ounce. The nisaab, then, is 596 x .04=28.80 ounce multiplied by$3.82= 90.91. therefore. The nisaab is about $100.00, as of December 17, 1991. The nisaab should be based on the market value of the currency. If the money is hard currency, there will be no problem, but if the money is a non-marketable currency, like most currencies in the third world countries, the nisaab should be based on the black market, which realistically reflects the value of the currency on the money market. In any case, the silver rate should be used to assess the Zakaat. If the nisaab is determined, the zakaatable amount is 2.5%, or .025 multiplied by the amount. For instance, if the zakaatable amount is $56,000.00 it will be 56,000. x .025 = $1,400.00. Zakaat is due on gold, silver, and or paper currency, whether it is cash in hand or credit in the hands of borrowers. Zakaat is due on debts or cost of merchandize or rental money. If the borrower is a wealthy person that you know will pay back the debt, the lender (that is Halaal lending free of usury) should include that money in the assessment and give its Zakaat. However, one can delay Zakaat on a loan until he receives payment, then return its Zakaat for the past years that he was unable to assess for Zakaat. If the borrower is poor or is refusing to pay the debt, there will be no Zakaat on the money until the lender receives the money. Then he will assess it for Zakaat of one past due year, but there will be no Zakaat in the years before that. There is no Zakaat on precious stones such as diamonds, or metals such uranium, regardless of their value. Gold and silver, of course are assessed for Zakaat. However, if a person possesses any of these stones or metals, he should give their Zakaat like any other articles of trade. If a person possesses diamonds or any other precious stones as an edge against inflation or for ornaments, there will no Zakaat on these. How To Give Zakaat Zakaat may be assessed and returned in two ways: a) Make a record of all money earned, either daily or monthly, which has reached the nisaab and remains in the treasury. The Zakaat of that money would be due one year later on the same day the money was earned and reached nisaab. This means every month's income must be set aside and assessed for Zakaat and so will be the case for the rest of the months. For instance, the income of January, 1991 will be assessed for Zakaat in January, 1992, and the income of February, 1991 will be assessed for Zakaat in February 1992, etc. This method of assessing Zakaat is very difficult because it entails complete bookkeeping of daily or monthly earnings. b) The best way is to set a day or a month, preferably Ramadan, for your annual Zakaat return calendar, say Ramadan 1st, 1412. One year later on the same day Ramadan, 1413, your Zakaat is due and payable. Whatever is in the savings is due for Zakaat, regardless of whether all the amount in the savings reaches a year or not. For instance: if you have $20,000.00 in the savings account on the 1st of Ramadan, 1412 and one year later by the 1st of Ramadan, 1413 there is $50, 000.00, your Zakaat will be assessed for $50,000.00, that is: $50.000.00 x .025= $1,250.00. If, on the other hand, by the 1st of Ramadan, 1413 the amount in the savings is $15,000.00, your Zakaat will be for the amount in the savings, that is $15,000.00 x .025= $375.00. This method is the best because it is easy to assess, meets one's obligation and relieve one's conscience. The Recipient Of Zakaat Knowing who qualifies as recipient of Zakaat is an important aspect of Zakaat collection in Islam. Fortunately, Allah (SWT) has been merciful to us in that He Himself spelled out the people eligible to receive Zakaat. In Surah Tawbah He stated: "Alms are for the poor and the needy; and those employed to administer (the funds); for those whose hearts have been (recently) reconciled (to truth); for those in bondage and in debt; in the cause of Allah; and for the wayfarer: (thus is it) ordained by Allah, and Allah is full of knowledge and wisdom." (Al-Qur`an, 9: 60) In this verse Allah enumerated the people who deserve this divine welfare, and they are as follows: The poor and the needy. These are individuals, and those under their care, to live on. By the poor and needy is meant the people whose income or salaries, or whatever material goods they have, fall short of the cost of living in a given environment and economy. The poor and the needy should be given what will suffice them and their families for one full year. The needy who want to get married and have no means should be given enough for this purpose, and so, too, the student who needs money for tuition, rent, food, and books. The working poor should be given supplementary Zakaat. But the wealthy, or any person with enough income to live on should not be given Zakaat, even if they asked for it. Instead, they should be warned and admonished for asking for what does not belong to them. In a hadith reported by Abdullah bin `Umar, the Messenger of Allah (saas) stated: "A man keeps on asking others for something till he comes on the day of Resurrection without any piece of flesh on his face." (Bukhari/Muslim). This hadith indicates a humiliating appearance before Allah (SWT) that awaits a person who asks illegally. Some said: this hadith implies Allah will punish a person with the very limb, the face, that he used to impress on others to give him their money unlawfully. In another hadith reported by Abu Hurairah, the Messenger of Allah said: "Whoever asks people for their money so as to get rich, he is asking for flames of fire. It is up to him to ask for more or less (he should beware)." (Muslim) This hadith indicates the severity of the punishment, the more one asks the more punishment, the less one asks the less the punishment. In another hadith, reported by Hakeem bin Hizaam said: I begged the Messenger of Allah and he gave me. I begged again, and he gave me. I begged again and he gave me. He then said: "This money is green and sweet; he who receives it from people with a cheerful heart, Allah will bless him in it; he who receives it, with an avaricious mind would not be blessed in it. He will be like the person who eats without being satisfied; and the upper hand is better than the lower hand" (Muslim) This hadith gave an analogy between money and green, ripened fruit that people love to eat. Thus, it indicates that both are greatly loved but easily finished. For money that is easy come easy go, one must be careful about the punishment that awaits the illegal eater. If a person asks for Zakaat and there are no signs of wealth, and he does not know that he should not ask, or a person who is well and able, who can work, but does not; if these people do not know that it is not permissible for them to ask, it may be given anyway. In a hadith reported by Ahmed, Abu Dawud, and Nasa'e, two men came to the Messenger of Allah (saas) and asked for Zakaat. He looked at them closely and found them strong and able, he said, "If you want I will give you. But you should know that the wealthy or an able person who can work has no share in Zakaat" (Ahmad) Those who administer the Zakaat department, assigning people for collecting, bookkeeping, making lists of people eligible for Zakaat, and a financial calendar. These people will receive Zakaat as compensation for their work, even if they are wealthy. This does not include a person who works as an agent for one or two wealthy people to take Zakaat for himself. They should donate their time for Zakaat disbursement and do it with honesty and truthfulness. If they can not, they should be paid or rewarded for their time. In a hadith related by Abu Musa Al-Ashi`ari (raa), the Messenger of Allah said: "A trustworthy Muslim executor is the one who executes completely what has been entrusted to him of Zakaat money in good faith." (Bukhari) That is, he will give the Zakaat money to any of the eligible recipients of Zakaat. He should carry on the duty voluntarily, but if he can not distribute the money without being paid, the Zakaat payer should pay him for his work. The payment for the service of distributing Zakaat should not come out of Zakaat money. The new converts to Islam whose hearts we want to harmonize into the fold of Islam, either because their faith is weak or we are afraid of their being harmed, should be given Zakaat to strengthen their Iman or until we no longer fear their harm. The bonds person who has contracted with his master to buy himself out of bondage deserve Zakaat and should be given enough to pay off their debt to the master and be freed themselves; similarly, Muslim prisoners of war if their freedom is tied to monetary payment, deserve Zakaat sufficient enough to secure their release. On the other hand, if a pearson accidently killed someone and have no means to pay off the blood money, he should be helped from Zakaat funds. The people in debt are of two kinds: (A) The guarantor, who takes the responsibility of someone else's debt so as to reconcile the two warring parties, to extinguish the fire of fitnah between them. If the person requests Zakaat money to pay off this debt he should be given it, which will encourage him to continue in this noble cause. In a hadith reported by Qubaysah Al-Hilaaly (raa), he said I was under debt (hamaalah) and I came to the Messenger (saas) and begged him to help me pay it off. The Messenger told him: "Wait until we receive charity, so we will command that it be given to you." However, the Messenger stated: "O Qubaysah, begging is not permitted except for one of three categories of people: A man who has incurred debt (as guarantor to reconcile blood wit) for him begging is permissible till he pays that off, after which he must stop it; a man whose property has been destroyed by calamity which has smitten him; for him begging is permissible till he gets what will support life or will provide him reasonable subsistence; and a man who has been smitten by poverty, the genuineness of which should be confirmed by three knowledgeable members of his people; for him begging is permissible till he gets what will support him, or will provide him subsistence. Besides these three, Qubaysah, begging is forbidden for every other persons, and one who engages in such consumes that which is forbidden." (Muslim) (B) Whoever incurs debt and has no money to pay it back will be given from Zakaat to help pay his debt, whether the amount is large or small; or his creditor should be paid directly on his behalf, so long as it is paid off. Zakaat can be given in the path of Allah. By this is meant to finance a Jihad effort in the path of Allah, not for Jihad for other reasons. The fighter (mujahid) will be given as salary what will be enough for him. If he needs to buy arms or some other supplies related to the war effort, Zakaat money should be used provided the effort is to raise the banner of Islam. The wayfarer. This is the traveller who in a strange land runs out of money. He or she deserves Zakaat, enough money to take him back to his country, even if he is wealthy and can find someone to loan him the money. On his part, he should take with him on his trip sufficient money, if he is wealthy, so that he will not need Zakaat. Zakaat money can not be used to pay off other obligations, such as giving Zakaat money to people you are obligated to take care of by law; or Zakaat money can not be used to pay for hotel and food expenses. It is, however, permissible to give Zakaat to a wife or family member, provided it is not part of their daily living expense money, but is needed to pay off a debt for one's wife if she can not pay it. So is the case for one's parents if they can not pay their debt. Zakaat money may be given to members of the family for their expenses if one is not obligated to take care of them financially. The wife can pay off a debt of her husband with Zakaat money, because he may be among the eight eligible recipients and she is not obligated to spend on him as he is on her. The eight eligible recipients of Zakaat can be denied their right to Zakaat without proof from Al-Qur`an or Sunnah. In a hadith reported by Ibn Mas`ud, his wife Zaynab heard the Messenger of Allah order women to give Zakaat, so she asked the Messenger (saas): " O Messenger of Allah, you commanded us to give Zakaat, and I have jewelry that I wanted to assess for Zakaat, but my husband Abdullah bin Mas`ud claimed that his son deserves it more than anyone." The Messenger replied: Your husband Ibn Mas`ud is right. Your son deserves your charity more than anyone." In another hadith reported by Salman bin `Aamir, he said the Messenger of Allah said: " Charity to the poor is only charity, but charity to the rest of kind is charity and maintenance of relations (sillah)." (Nisaee) No loan should be written off as Zakaat because Zakaat is taken and given. Allah (SWT) said: "Of their goods take alms...." (Al-Qur`an, 9: 103) And in a Hadith the Messenger has been reported as saying: "Allah has mandated on you Zakaat to be taken from the wealthy and to be given to the poor." Thus, writing off debt is not taken. For instance, If you loan a person money, you can not write off that loan as a Zakaat. However, it could be written off as sadaqah charity. Furthermore, loan, delinquent or not, is considered an absent money, therefore, it should not be transacted in Zakaat. for Zakaat is assessed only in cash in hand. Besides, debt money is valued less than cash in the hand, and using that money for alms is like exchanging good money for bad. The assessor of alms should try to give his Zakaat to an eligible person, but if he makes a mistake and gives it to an ineligible person it is accepted. In a hadith related by Abu Hurairah, he said the Messenger said: "A man expressed his intention to give charity, so he came with his charity and placed it in the hand of an adulteress. In the morning the people were talking and saying charity was given to an adulteress last night. The donor said: O Allah, to thee be the Praise - charity to an adulteress! He then again expressed his intention to give charity, so he went out with it and placed it in the hand of a rich person. In the morning the people were talking and saying charity was given to a rich person. The donor said, O Allah to You be the praise - charity to a rich man! He then expressed his intention to give charity, so he went out with his charity and placed it in the hand of a thief. In the morning the people were talking and saying charity to the thief. So the man said, O Allah to You be the praise (what a misfortune that charity has been given) to the adulteress, the rich and the thief! Then someone came to him and told him your charity has been accepted. As for the adulteress the charity might become the means whereby she might restrain from fornication. The rich man might perhaps learn a lesson and spend from what Allah has given him, and the thief might thereby restrain from committing theft. (Muslim/ Bukhari) http://www.islamfortoday.com/beliefs.htm
When WILL THE AMERICAN PEOPLE TAKE BACK THEIR REPUBLIC FROM THE CONTROL OF US CORPORATE GOVERNMENT? DUN & BRADSTREET listings of government units, offices, agencies, and instrumentalities. No doubt about the search results regarding the complete ‘federalization’ or ‘corporatization’ of the purported ‘government’. Nothing about the “United States” or “UNITED STATES” is as it appears or is commonly presumed to be. It is a ‘de facto’ ‘doctrine of necessity’ by ‘occupation’ in ‘bankruptcy’ operating for the benefit of undisclosed third-party Principals who also allege to be Holders in Due Course as “Prime Creditors”. Lawful government was deconstructed when after the Civil War the states and the ten southern states were ‘Reconstructed’ during and within the Reconstruction Acts. The current form of ‘government’ has nothing to do with lawful ‘government’ or ‘governance’ of/by/for the people or the de jure union of several American states. Every aspect of the idea of ‘government’ has been incorporated and operates as an implied ‘resultant’ equity constructive TRUST and commercial franchise of the UNITED STATES, having no fixed or pre-determined rules to run by, because the organic rules operated ‘without the United States’-District of Columbia, ‘within the United States of America’, which is a diverse and distinctly different entity at law in commerce. This subject can be elaborated ad nauseam, but the gist is what you may have already summarized and concluded. How can a corporate executive of a non-Constitutional entity be held accountable to his actions under a Constitutional standard, where there is no one in any aspect of the same CORPORATION that has authority to do so? Furthermore, the CORPORATION itself has no nexus to the Organic Constitution for the United States of America, where exist the only mechanisms and constructs for ‘lawful government’ and protections of un/in-a-lien-able Rights under the Bill of Rights. The CORPORATION is itself an abomination. The Federal Convention 1787, September 14. The state delegates voted on the motion to delegate authority to Congress to incorporate or to grant charters of incorporation, and it was explicitly rejected. (BELOW IS THE BEGAINING OF ALL THE US GOVERNMENT AGENCIES LISTED ON DUN AND BRADSTREET) < PreviousShowing 1 of 1Sort by: Next > HQEXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT 1600 PENNSYLVANIA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC HQOFFICE OF NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY OFFICE OF NATIONAL DRUG CONTROL POLICY Also Traded as EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT750 17TH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC HQSCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY, OFFICE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICY, OFFICE OF OLD EXECUTIVE OFFICE BLDG, RM 431, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT 725 17TH ST NW RM 4208, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT 725 17TH ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT 1724 F ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT 1700 PENNSYLVANIA AVE NW, RM 100 EEOB, WASHINGTON, DC HQEXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT 1600 PENNSYLVANIA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC HQCONSOLIDATED EXECUTIVE OFFICE CONSOLIDATED EXECUTIVE OFFICE 950 PENNSYLVANIA AVE NW, WASHINGTON, DC HQTRUSTEES, EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR THE US TRUSTEES, EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR THE US 20 MASSACHUSETTS AVE, WASHINGTON, DC HQATTORNEYS, EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS, EXECUTIVE OFFICE FOR UNITED STATES 600 E STREET NW STE 8302, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON 444 N CAPITOL ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF INDIANA EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF INDIANA 1455 PENNSYLVANIA AVE NW STE 1140, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF IDAHO EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF IDAHO 444 N CAPITOL ST NW STE 216, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF UTAH EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF UTAH 444 N CAPITOL ST NW, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR OF DELAWARE EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE GOVERNOR OF DELAWARE 444 N CAPITOL CITY STE 230, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA 444 N CAPITOL ST NW # 134, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA 444 N CAPITOL ST NW STE 332, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF KENTUCKY 444 N CAPITOL ST NW STE 224, WASHINGTON, DC BREXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMEN chad p - I will leave bombing to the Corporate US Government
Why do Democrats (Obama included) claim that deregulation caused our current crisis? Reasons why Deregulation did not cause our Current Crisis: 1) Government spending in the United States currently equals more than forty percent of national income, i.e., the sum of all wages and salaries and profits and interest earned in the country… more than forty dollars of every one hundred dollars of output are appropriated by the government against the will of the individual citizens who produce that output. In contrast, under laissez-faire capitalism, government spending would be on such a modest scale that a mere revenue tariff might be sufficient to support it. The corporate and individual income taxes, inheritance and capital gains taxes, and social security and Medicare taxes would not exist. 2) There are presently fifteen federal cabinet departments, nine of which exist for the very purpose of respectively interfering with housing, transportation, healthcare, education, energy, mining, agriculture, labor, and commerce, and virtually all of which nowadays routinely ride roughshod over one or more important aspects of the economic freedom of the individual. Under laissez-faire capitalism, eleven of the fifteen cabinet departments would cease to exist … 3)The economic interference of today's cabinet departments is reinforced and amplified by more than one hundred federal agencies and commissions, the most well known of which include, besides the IRS, the FRB and FDIC, the FBI and CIA, the EPA, FDA, SEC, CFTC, NLRB, FTC, FCC, FERC, FEMA, FAA, CAA, INS, OHSA, CPSC, NHTSA, EEOC, BATF, DEA, NIH, and NASA. Under laissez-faire capitalism, all such agencies and commissions would be done away with, with the exception of the FBI, which would be reduced to the legitimate functions of counterespionage and combating crimes against person or property that take place across state lines. 4) To complete this catalog of government interference and its trampling of any vestige of laissez faire, as of the end of 2007, the last full year for which data are available, the Federal Register contained fully seventy-three thousand pages of detailed government regulations… Under laissez-faire capitalism, there would be no Federal Register… 5) And, of course, to all of this must be added the further massive apparatus of laws, departments, agencies, and regulations at the state and local level. Under laissez-faire capitalism, these too for the most part would be completely abolished… Read the full story put out by the Von Mises School of Austrian Economics http://www.mises.org/story/3165
I need help understanding this article. Please see the article below. Thanks in advance.? What is a Social Fact? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Before beginning the search for the method appropriate to the study of social facts it is important to know what are the facts termed 'social'. The question is all the more necessary because the term is used without much precision. It is commonly used to designate almost all the phenomena that occur within society, however little social interest of some generality they present. Yet under this heading there is, so to speak, no human occurrence that cannot be called social. Every individual drinks, sleeps, eats, or employs his reason, and society has every interest in seeing that these functions are regularly exercised. If therefore these facts were social ones, sociology would possess no subject matter peculiarly its own, and its domain would be confused with that of biology and psychology. However, in reality there is in every society a clearly determined group of phenomena separable, because of their distinct characteristics, from those that form the subject matter of other sciences of nature. When I perform my duties as a brother, a husband or a citizen and carry out the commitments I have entered into, I fulfil obligations which are defined in law and custom and which are external to myself and my actions. Even when they conform to my own sentiments and when I feel their reality within me, that reality does not cease to be objective, for it is not I who have prescribed these duties; I have received them through education. Moreover, how often does it happen that we are ignorant of the details of the obligations that we must assume, and that, to know them, we must consult the legal code and its authorised interpreters! Similarly the believer has discovered from birth, ready fashioned, the beliefs and practices of his religious life; if they existed before he did, it follows that they exist outside him. The system of signs that I employ to express my thoughts, the monetary system I use to pay my debts, the credit instruments I utilise in my commercial relationships, the practices I follow in my profession, etc., all function independently of the use I make of them. Considering in turn each member of society, the foregoing remarks can be repeated for each single one of them. Thus there are ways of acting, thinking and feeling which possess the remarkable property of existing outside the consciousness of the individual. Not only are these types of behaviour and thinking external to the individual, but they are endued with a compelling and coercive power by virtue of which, whether he wishes it or not, they impose themselves upon him. Undoubtedly when I conform to them of my own free will, this coercion is not felt or felt hardly at all, since it is unnecessary. None the less it is intrinsically a characteristic of these facts; the proof of this is that it asserts itself as soon as I try to resist. If I attempt to violate the rules of law they react against me so as to forestall my action, if there is still time. Alternatively, they annul it or make my action conform to the norm if it is already accomplished but capable of being reversed; or they cause me to pay the penalty for it if it is irreparable. If purely moral rules are at stake, the public conscience restricts any act which infringes them by the surveillance it exercises over the conduct of citizens and by the special punishments it has at its disposal. In other cases the constraint is less violent; nevertheless, it does not cease to exist. If I do not conform to ordinary conventions, if in my mode of dress I pay no heed to what is customary in my country and in my social class, the laughter I provoke, the social distance at which I am kept, produce, although in a more mitigated form, the same results as any real penalty. In other cases, although it may be indirect, constraint is no less effective. I am not forced to speak French with my compatriots, nor to use the legal currency, but it is impossible for me to do otherwise. If I tried to escape the necessity, my attempt would fail miserably. As an industrialist nothing prevents me from working with the processes and methods of the previous century, but if I do I will most certainly ruin myself. Even when in fact I can struggle free from these rules and successfully break them, it is never without being forced to fight against them. Even if in the end they are overcome, they make their constraining power sufficiently felt in the resistance that they afford. There is no innovator, even a fortunate one, whose ventures do not encounter opposition of this kind. Here, then, is a category of facts which present very special characteristics: they consist of manners of acting, thinking and feeling external to the individual, which are invested with a coercive power by virtue of which they exercise control over him. Consequently, since they consist of representations and actions, they cannot be confused with organic phenomena, nor with psychical phenomena, which have no existence save in and through the individual consciousness. Thus they constitute a new species and to them must be exclusively assigned the term social. It is appropriate, since it is clear that, not having the individual as their substratum, they can have none other than society, either political society in its entirety or one of the partial groups that it includes - religious denominations, political and literary schools, occupational corporations, etc. Moreover, it is for such as these alone that the term is fitting, for the word 'social' has the sole meaning of designating those phenomena which fall into none of the categories of facts already constituted and labelled. They are consequently the proper field of sociology. It is true that this word 'constraint', in terms of which we define them, is in danger of infuriating those who zealously uphold out-and-out individualism. Since they maintain that the individual is completely autonomous, it seems to them that he is diminished every time he is made aware that he is not dependent on himself alone. Yet since it is indisputable today that most of our ideas and tendencies are not developed by ourselves, but come to us from outside, they can only penetrate us by imposing themselves upon us. This is all that our definition implies. Moreover, we know that all social constraints do not necessarily exclude the individual personality. [1] Yet since the examples just cited (legal and moral rules, religious dogmas, financial systems, etc.) consist wholly of beliefs and practices already well established, in view of what has been said it might be maintained that no social fact can exist except where there is a well defined social organisation. But there are other facts which do not present themselves in this already crystallised form but which also possess the same objectivity and ascendancy over the individual. These are what are called social 'currents'. Thus in a public gathering the great waves of enthusiasm, indignation and pity that are produced have their seat in no one individual consciousness. They come to each one of us from outside and can sweep us along in spite of ourselves. If perhaps I abandon myself to them I may not be conscious of the pressure that they are exerting upon me, but that pressure makes its presence felt immediately I attempt to struggle against them. If an individual tries to pit himself against one of these collective manifestations, the sentiments that he is rejecting will be turned against him. Now if this external coercive power asserts itself so acutely in cases of resistance, it must be because it exists in the other instances cited above without our being conscious of it. Hence we are the victims of an illusion which leads us to believe we have ourselves produced what has been imposed upon us externally. But if the willingness with which we let ourselves be carried along disguises the pressure we have undergone, it does not eradicate it. Thus air does not cease to have weight, although we no longer feel that weight. Even when we have individually and spontaneously shared in the common emotion, the impression we have experienced is utterly different from what we would have felt if we had been alone. Once the assembly has broken up and these social influences have ceased to act upon us, and we are once more on our own, the emotions we have felt seem an alien phenomenon, one in which we no longer recognise ourselves. It is then we perceive that we have undergone the emotions much more than generated them. These emotions may even perhaps fill us with horror, so much do they go against the grain. Thus individuals who are normally perfectly harmless may, when gathered together in a crowd, let themselves be drawn into acts of atrocity. And what we assert about these transitory outbreaks likewise applies to those more lasting movements of opinion which relate to religious, political, literary and artistic matters, etc., and which are constantly being produced around us, whether throughout society or in a more limited sphere. Moreover, this definition of a social fact can be verified by examining an experience that is characteristic. It is sufficient to observe how children are brought up. If one views the facts as they are and indeed as they have always been, it is patently obvious that all education consists of a continual effort to impose upon the child ways of seeing, thinking and acting which he himself would not have arrived at spontaneously. From his earliest years we oblige him to eat, drink and sleep at regular hours, and to observe cleanliness, calm and obedience; later we force him to learn how to be mindful of others, to respect customs and conventions, and to work, etc. If this constraint in time ceases to be felt it is because it gradually gives rise to habits, to inner tendencies which render it superfluous; but they supplant the constraint only because they are derived from it. It is true that, in Spencer's view, a rational education should shun such means and allow the child complete freedom to do what he will. Yet as this educational theory has never been put into practice among any known people, it can only be the personal expression of a desideratum and not a fact which can be established in contradiction to the other facts given above. What renders these latter facts particularly illuminating is that education sets out precisely with the object of creating a social being. Thus there can be seen, as in an abbreviated form, how the social being has been fashioned historically. The pressure to which the child is subjected unremittingly is the same pressure of the social environment which seeks to shape him in its own image, and in which parents and teachers are only the representatives and intermediaries. Thus it is not the fact that they are general which can serve to characterise sociological phenomena. Thoughts to be found in the consciousness of each individual and movements which are repeated by all individuals are not for this reason social facts. If some have been content with using this characteristic in order to define them it is because they have been confused, wrongly, with what might be termed their individual incarnations. What constitutes social facts are the beliefs, tendencies and practices of the group taken collectively. But the forms that these collective states may assume when they are 'refracted' through individuals are things of a different kind. What irrefutably demonstrates this duality of kind is that these two categories of facts frequently are manifested dissociated from each other. Indeed some of these ways of acting or thinking acquire, by dint of repetition, a sort of consistency which, so to speak, separates them out, isolating them from the particular events which reflect them. Thus they assume a shape, a tangible form peculiar to them and constitute a reality sui generis vastly distinct from the individual facts which manifest that reality. Collective custom does not exist only in a state of immanence in the successive actions which it determines, but, by a privilege without example in the biological kingdom, expresses itself once and for all in a formula repeated by word of mouth, transmitted by education and even enshrined in the written word. Such are the origins and nature of legal and moral rules, aphorisms and popular sayings, articles of faith in which religious or political sects epitomise their beliefs, and standards of taste drawn up by literary schools, etc. None of these modes of acting and thinking are to be found wholly in the application made of them by individuals, since they can even exist without being applied at the time. Undoubtedly this state of dissociation does not always present itself with equal distinctiveness. It is sufficient for dissociation to exist unquestionably in the numerous important instances cited, for us to prove that the social fact exists separately from its individual effects. Moreover, even when the dissociation is not immediately observable, it can often be made so with the help of certain methodological devices. Indeed it is essential to embark on such procedures if one wishes to refine out the social fact from any amalgam and so observe it in its pure state. Thus certain currents of opinion, whose intensity varies according to the time and country in which they occur, impel us, for example, towards marriage or suicide, towards higher or lower birth-rates, etc. Such currents are plainly social facts. At first sight they seem inseparable from the forms they assume in individual cases. But statistics afford us a means of isolating them. They are indeed not inaccurately represented by rates of births, marriages and suicides, that is, by the result obtained after dividing the average annual total of marriages, births, and voluntary homicides by the number of persons of an age to marry, produce children, or commit suicide. [2] Since each one of these statistics includes without distinction all individual cases, the individual circumstances which may have played some part in producing the phenomenon cancel each other out and consequently do not contribute to determining the nature of the phenomenon. What it expresses is a certain state of the collective mind. That is what social phenomena are when stripped of all extraneous elements. As regards their private manifestations, these do indeed having something social about them, since in part they reproduce the collective model. But to a large extent each one depends also upon the psychical and organic constitution of the individual, and on the particular circumstances in which he is placed. Therefore they are not phenomena which are in the strict sense sociological. They depend on both domains at the same time, and could be termed socio-psychical. They are of interest to the sociologist without constituting the immediate content of sociology. The same characteristic is to be found in the organisms of those mixed phenomena of nature studied in the combined sciences such as biochemistry. It may be objected that a phenomenon can only be collective if it is common to all the members of society, or at the very least to a majority, and consequently, if it is general. This is doubtless the case, but if it is general it is because it is collective (that is, more or less obligatory); but it is very far from being collective because it is general. It is a condition of the group repeated in individuals because it imposes itself upon them. It is in each part because it is in the whole, but far from being in the whole because it is in the parts. This is supremely evident in those beliefs and practices which are handed down to us ready fashioned by previous generations. We accept and adopt them because, since they are the work of the collectivity and one that is centuries old, they are invested with a special authority that our education has taught us to recognise and respect. It is worthy of note that the vast majority of social phenomena come to us in this way. But even when the social fact is partly due to our direct co-operation, it is no different in nature. An outburst of collective emotion in a gathering does not merely express the sum total of what individual feelings share in common, but is something of a very different order, as we have demonstrated. It is a product of shared existence, of actions and reactions called into play between the consciousnesses of individuals. If it is echoed in each one of them it is precisely by virtue of the special energy derived from its collective origins. If all hearts beat in unison, this is not as a consequence of a spontaneous, preestablished harmony; it is because one and the same force is propelling them in the same direction. Each one is borne along by the rest. We have therefore succeeded in delineating for ourselves the exact field of sociology. It embraces one single, well defined group of phenomena. A social fact is identifiable through the power of external coercion which it exerts or is capable of exerting upon individuals. The presence of this power is in turn recognisable because of the existence of some pre-determined sanction, or through the resistance that the fact opposes to any individual action that may threaten it. However, it can also be defined by ascertaining how widespread it is within the group, provided that, as noted above, one is careful to add a second essential characteristic; this is, that it exists independently of the particular forms that it may assume in the process of spreading itself within the group. In certain cases this latter criterion can even be more easily applied than the former one. The presence of constraint is easily ascertainable when it is manifested externally through some direct reaction of society, as in the case of law, morality, beliefs, customs and even fashions. But when constraint is merely indirect, as with that exerted by an economic organization, it is not always so clearly discernible. Generality combined with objectivity may then be easier to establish. Moreover, this second definition is simply another formulation of the first one: if a mode of behaviour existing outside the consciousnesses of individuals becomes general, it can only do so by exerting pressure upon them. [3] However, one may well ask whether this definition is complete. Indeed the facts which have provided us with its basis are all ways of functioning: they are 'physiological' in nature. But there are also collective ways of being, namely, social facts of an 'anatomical' or morphological nature. Sociology cannot dissociate itself from what concerns the substratum of collective life. Yet the number and nature of the elementary parts which constitute society, the way in which they are articulated, the degree of coalescence they have attained, the distribution of population over the earth's surface, the extent and nature of the network of communications, the design of dwellings, etc., do not at first sight seem relatable to ways of acting, feeling or thinking. Yet, first and foremost, these various phenomena present the same characteristic which has served us in defining the others. These ways of being impose themselves upon the individual just as do the ways of acting we have dealt with. In fact, when we wish to learn how a society is divided up politically, in what its divisions consist and the degree of solidarity that exists between them, it is not through physical inspection and geographical observation that we may come to find this out: such divisions are social, although they may have some physical basis. It is only through public law that we can study such political organisation, because this law is what determines its nature, just as it determines our domestic and civic relationships. The organisation is no less a form of compulsion. If the population clusters together in our cities instead of being scattered over the rural areas, it is because there exists a trend of opinion, a collective drive which imposes this concentration upon individuals. We can no more choose the design of our houses than the cut of our clothes - at least, the one is as much obligatory as the other. The communication network forcibly prescribes the direction of internal migrations or commercial exchanges, etc., and even their intensity. Consequently, at the most there are grounds for adding one further category to the list of phenomena already enumerated as bearing the distinctive stamp of a social fact. But as that enumeration was in no wise strictly exhaustive, this addition would not be indispensable. Moreover, it does not even serve a purpose, for these ways of being are only ways of acting that have been consolidated. A society's political structure is only the way in which its various component segments have become accustomed to living with each other. If relationships between them are traditionally close, the segments tend to merge together; if the contrary, they tend to remain distinct. The type of dwelling imposed upon us is merely the way in which everyone around us and, in part, previous generations, have customarily built their houses. The communication network is only the channel which has been cut by the regular current of commerce and migrations, etc., flowing in the same direction. Doubtless if phenomena of a morphological kind were the only ones that displayed this rigidity, it might be thought that they constituted a separate species. But a legal rule is no less permanent an arrangement than an architectural style, and yet it is a 'physiological' fact. A simple moral maxim is certainly more malleable, yet it is cast in forms much more rigid than a mere professional custom or fashion. Thus there exists a whole range of gradations which, without any break in continuity, join the most clearly delineated structural facts to those free currents of social life which are not yet caught in any definite mould. This therefore signifies that the differences between them concern only the degree to which they have become consolidated. Both are forms of life at varying stages of crystallisation. It would undoubtedly be advantageous to reserve the term 'morphological' for those social facts which relate to the social substratum, but only on condition that one is aware that they are of the same nature as the others. Our definition will therefore subsume all that has to be defined it if states: A social fact is any way of acting, whether fixed or not, capable of exerting over the individual an external constraint; or: which is general over the whole of a given society whilst having an existence of its own, independent of its individual manifestations. [4] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Notes -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. Moreover, this is not to say that all constraint is normal. We shall return to this point later. 2. Suicides do not occur at any age, nor do they occur at all ages of life with the same frequency. 3. It can be seen how far removed this definition of the social fact is from that which serves as the basis for the ingenious system of Tarde. We must first state that our research has nowhere led us to corroboration of the preponderant influence that Tarde attributes to imitation in the genesis of collective facts. Moreover, from this definition, which is not a theory but a mere resume of the immediate data observed, it seems clearly to follow that imitation does not always express, indeed never expresses, what is essential and characteristic in the social fact . Doubtless every social fact is imitated and has, as we have just shown, a tendency to become generalised, but this is because it is social, i.e. obligatory. Its capacity for expansion is not the cause but the consequence of its sociological character. If social facts were unique in bringing about this effect, imitation might serve, if not to explain them, at least to define them. But an individual state which impacts on others none the less remains individual. Moreover, one may speculate whether the term 'imitation' is indeed appropriate to designate a proliferation which occurs through some coercive influence. In such a single term very different phenomena, which need to be distinguished, are confused. 4. This close affinity of life and structure, organ and function, can be readily established in sociology because there exists between these two extremes a whole series of intermediate stages, immediately observable, which reveal the link between them. Biology lacks this methodological resource. But one may believe legitimately that sociological inductions on this subject are applicable to biology and that, in organisms as in societies, between these two categories of facts only differences in degree exist.
can non-U.S. citizens conduct online business if they came to the U.S. with a student visa? I'm looking to the U.S. for college, and was wondering if there was any way to earn money via online (eBay, e-commerce, etc.) and if it is permitted by law. Would having an online business (even Secondlife) be illegal if you're holding a student visa? I'd like to know.. thanks!
laws/rules that affect businesses? i have to do a paper in regards to how the law affects or is affecting a particular area business/commerce. i honestly don't know any written laws that may affect businesses so i can't start on my researching. can anybody give me an idea? don't worry... you don't have to research for me, just by giving me a law or idea that affects the business is great enough already so i start my research. thank you so much! i.e. migration to work here in U.S., sweatshops, pollution etc. (i would use these but i'm sure my whole class would be doing these haha)
What should Freedom Lovers Do ?? How can one combine professional life with the advancement of liberty? Of course it is presumptuous to offer a definitive answer since all jobs and careers in the market economy are subject to the forces of the division of labor. Because a person focuses on one task doesn't mean that he or she isn't great at many tasks; it means only that the highest productive gains for everyone come from dividing tasks up among many people of a wide range of talents. So it is with the freedom movement. The more of us there are, the more we do well to specialize, to cooperate through exchange, to boost our impact by dividing the labor. There is no way to know in advance what is right for any person in particular. There are so many wonderful paths from which to choose (and which I will discuss below). But this much we can know. The usual answer—go into government—is wrongheaded. Too many good minds have been corrupted and lost by following this fateful course. If often happens that an ideological movement will make great strides through education and organization and cultural influence, only to take the illogical leap of believing that politics and political influence, which usually means taking jobs within the bureaucracy, is the next rung on the ladder to success. This is like trying to fight a fire with matches and gasoline. This is what happened to the Christian right in the 1980s. They got involved in politics in order to throw off the yoke of the state. Twenty years later, many of these people are working in the Department of Education or for the White House, doing the prep work to amend the Constitution or invade some foreign country. This is a disastrous waste of intellectual capital. It is particularly important that believers in liberty not take this course. Government work has been the chosen career path of socialists, social reformers, and Keynesians for at least a century. It is the natural home to them because their ambition is to control society through government. It works for them but it does not work for us. In the first half of the 20th century, libertarians knew how to oppose statism. They went into business and journalism. They wrote books. They agitated within the cultural arena. They developed fortunes to help fund newspapers, schools, foundations, and public education organizations. They expanded their commercial ventures to serve as a bulwark against central planning. They became teachers and, when possible, professors. They cultivated wonderful families and focused on the education of their children. It is a long struggle but it is the way the struggle for liberty has always taken place. But somewhere along the way, some people, enticed by the prospect of a fast track to reform, rethought this idea. Perhaps we should try the same technique that the left did. We should get our people in power and displace their people, and then we can bring about change toward liberty. In fact, isn't this the most important goal of all? So long as the left controls the state, it will expand in ways that are incompatible with freedom. We need to take back the state. So goes the logic. What is wrong with it? The state's only function is as an apparatus of coercion and compulsion. That is its distinguishing mark. It is what makes the state the state. To the same extent that the state responds well to arguments that it should be larger and more powerful, it is institutionally hostile to anyone who says that it should be less powerful and less coercive. That is not to say that some work from the "inside" cannot do some good, some of the time. But it is far more likely that the state will convert the libertarian than for the libertarian to convert the state. We've all seen this a thousand times. It rarely takes more than a few months for a libertarian intellectual headed for the Beltway to "mature" and realize that his or her old ideals were rather childish and insufficiently real world. A politician promising to defang Washington later becomes the leading expert in applying tooth enamel. Once that fateful step is taken, there are no limits. I know a bureaucrat who helped run martial law in Iraq who once swore fidelity to Rothbardian political economy. The reason has to do with ambition, which is not normally a bad impulse. The culture of Washington, however, requires that ambition work itself out by paying maximum deference to the powers that be. At first, this is easy to justify: how else can the state be converted except by being friendly to it? The state is our enemy, but for now, we must pretend to be its pal. In time, the dreams are displaced by the daily need to curry favor. Eventually the person becomes precisely the kind of person he or she once despised. (For Lord of the Rings fans, it's like being asked to carry the ring for a while; you don't want to give it up.) I've known people who have gone this route and one day took an honest look in the mirror, and didn't like what they saw. They have said to me that they were mistaken to think it could work. They didn't recognize the subtle ways in which they themselves were being drawn in. They recognize the futility of politely asking the state, day after day, to permit a bit more liberty here and there. Ultimately you must frame your arguments in terms of what is good for the state, and the reality is that liberty is not usually good for the state. Hence, the rhetoric and finally the goal begin to change. The state is open to persuasion, to be sure, but it usually acts out of fear, not friendship. If the bureaucrats and politicians fear backlash, they will not increase taxes or regulations. If they sense a high enough degree of public outrage, they will even repeal controls and programs. An example is the end of alcohol prohibition or the repeal of the 55 mph speed limit. These were pulled back because politicians and bureaucrats sensed too high a cost from continued enforcement. The problem of strategy was something that fascinated Murray Rothbard, who wrote several important articles on the need for never compromising the long-run goal for short-term gain through the political process. That doesn't mean we should not welcome a 1 percent tax cut or repeal a section of some law. But we should never allow ourselves to be sucked into the trade-off racket: e.g., repeal this bad tax to impose this better tax. That would be using a means (a tax) that contradicts the goal (elimination of taxation). The Rothbardian approach to a pro-freedom strategy comes down to the following four affirmations: 1) the victory of liberty is the highest political end; 2) the proper groundwork for this goal is a moral passion for justice; 3) the end should be pursued by the speediest and most efficacious possible means; and 4) the means taken must never contradict the goal—"whether by advocating gradualism, by employing or advocating any aggression against liberty, by advocating planned programs, by failing to seize any opportunities to reduce State power, or by ever increasing it in any area." Libertarians are not the first people who have confronted the question of strategy for social advance and cultural and political change. After the Civil War, a large part of the population of the South, namely former slaves, found themselves in a perilous situation. They had a crying need to advance socially within society, but lacked education, skill, and capital. They also bore the burden of pushing social change that permitted them to be regarded as full citizens who made the most of their new freedom. In many ways, they found themselves in a position somewhat like new immigrants but with an additional burden of throwing off an old social status for a new one. The Reconstruction period of Union-run martial law invited many blacks to participate in politics as a primary goal. This proved to be a terrible temptation for many, as the former Virginia slave Booker T. Washington said. "During the whole of the Reconstruction period our people throughout the South looked to the Federal Government for everything, very much as a child looks to its mother." He rejected this political model because "the general political agitation drew the attention of our people away from the more fundamental matters of perfecting themselves in the industries at their doors and in securing property." Washington wrote that "the temptations to enter political life were so alluring that I came very near yielding to them at one time" but he resisted this in favor of "the laying of the foundation of the race through a generous education of the hand, head and heart." Later when he visited DC, he knew that he had been right. "A large proportion of these people had been drawn to Washington because they felt that they could lead a life of ease there," he wrote. "Others had secured minor government positions, and still another large class was there in the hope of securing Federal positions." As it was in the 1870s it is today. The state chews up and either eats or spits out those with a passion for liberty. The extent to which W.E.B DuBois's Marxian push for political agitation has prevailed over Washington's push for commercial advance has been tragic for black Americans and for the whole of American society. Many obtained political power, but not liberty classically understood. We can learn from this. The thousands of young people who are discovering the ideas of liberty for the first time ought to stay away from the Beltway and all its allures. Instead, they should pursue their love and passion through arts, commerce, education, and even the ministry. These are fields that offer genuine promise with a high return. When a libertarian tells me that he is doing some good as a procurement officer at HUD, I don't doubt his word. But how much more would he do by quitting his job and writing an expose on the entire bureaucratic racket? One well-placed blast against such an agency can bring about more reform, and do more good, than decades of attempted subversion from within. Are there politicians who do some good? Certainly, and the name Ron Paul is the first that comes to mind. But the good he does is not as a legislator as such but as an educator with a prominent platform from which to speak. Every no vote is a lesson to the multitudes. We need more Ron Pauls. But Ron is the first to say that, more importantly, we need more professors, business owners, fathers and mothers, religious leaders, and entrepreneurs. The party of liberty loves commerce and culture, not the state. Commerce and culture is our home and our launching ground for social reform and revolution
Is it a lie? How will it going? I have got a letter from a stranger: DEAR FRIEND, I AM MR. ADAMA J.K. KAMBORE, THE BILL AND EXCHANGE MANAGER AT THE FOREIGN EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT OF INTERNATIONAL BANK OF BURKINA (IBB) OUAGADOUGOU IN BURKINA FASO. WITH DUE RESPECT AND REGARDS, I HAVE DECIDED TO CONTACT YOU ON A BUSINESS TRANSACTION THAT WILL BE VERY BENEFICIAL TO BOTH OF US AT THE END OF THE TRANSACTION.DURING MY INVESTIGATION AND AUDITING IN MY DEPARTMENT, I CAME ACROSS A VERY HUGE SUM OF MONEY BELONGING TO A DECEASED PERSON, A FOREIGNER WHO DIED IN A PLANE CRASH WITH HIS INTIRE FAMILY. REPLY ONLY TO MY PRIVATE E-MAIL a_kambo_01@myway.com I answered him i don't believe him,the he sent me another letter: Thanks for your response. I want you to understand that, this is our time and opportunity to be rich. So, let us handle this great opportunity with one mind without any delay. I want to inform you that also, this transaction is not child's play and is considered as part of my prospective achievement in life as a banker haven worked for years without concrete evidence of my achievement in the banking field and thus, must be given all the vital attention that will make it to work for our corporate interest to be achieved. Below is more data information covering this transaction and should be vigorously studied. The data information of this transaction is given for your understanding of the detail account of the Fund deposited by DR. COCO JONAN before he died in a BENIN plane crash with his family .The members of his family who died with him including his In-laws are as follows; Dr Coco Jonan, 68 years been the depositor of the fund, His wife, Jean, 67; three of their children, Lois, Beth and Richard. You can still see again the website covering the death: http://www.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/africa/12/26/benin.crash http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3348109.stm "LATE DR. COCO JONAN'S ACCOUNT DETAILS" NAME OF THE DEPOSITOR.........DR. COCO JONAN AMOUNT DEPOSITED..................... U.S $10.5 MILLION TYPE OF ACCOUNT OPERATED........CURRENT ACCOUNT ACCOUNT NUMBER..........................18463464711. STATE OF ORIGIN...............................OMAN NATIONALITY........................................JORDAN MARITAL STATUS.........MARRIED WITH THREE (3) CHILDREN AGE OF THE DECEASED CUSTOMER...........68years HIEGHT.....................................................1.72M SEX...........................................................MALE RELIGION...................................................CHRISTAINITY QUALIFICATION..........................................DOCTOR. BUSINESS IN AFRICA.......CONTTACTOR WITH THE ECONOMIC COMMUNITY OF WEST AFRICAN STATES (ECOWAS) In the bank form for Kin ,DR. COCO JONAN Before his death filled his wife JEAN COCO as his next of kin but unfortunately, the wife died with him along others and therefore, there is nobody left behind to claim the fund as his next of kin and bank law stated that, if such fund remain unclaimed for four (4) years then, the fund will be transferred into the bank treasury as unclaimed bill. Base on that, I contacted you and proposed it as a deal between us so that we can move the fund into your bank account. So, let us do this transaction instead of the fund to be transfer into the bank treasury as unclaimed bill. After studying the Data information above, What I want you to do will be to provide an account where this fund can be transferred for us and also send a application to the bank for the claiming of the said fund pretending before the bank through writing that you are the next of kin to the late DR. COCO JONAN as I directed you in the application form. I am assuring you that, the bank will accord you the recognition and have the fund transferred into your account for us to share as I told you on percentage levels. I want you to know that, if you are serious and willing to assist me get this fund into your account then, consider yourself rich at the end of this transaction. Note: it will not be hard for both of us to move the fund into your bank account if we do this deal with one mind. This is a secret deal and I don't want you to let anybody notice this transaction until the fund is confirmed in your bank account for my safety here since I am still in service. I want you to know that, next of kin can be a brother, sister, mother, uncle, cousin, nephew, wife, son or even far relation from different continent in the world. You should also understand that, Bank is not interested to know if you are bearing the same surname with the deceased or not. The Bank is interested to know if the account details of the deceased and the amount mentioned above is in the account which I know that the information provided is correct and must convince the bank director for the immediate transfer of the fund into your account. Furthermore, Don't forget that I am here in the bank to back you up in this transaction and as such, you should not be afraid but to bring good ideas that will help us to get this fund into your account successfully. Be inform that, I got your contact from Burkina Faso chambers of commerce and I strongly believe that any information receive from the above mentioned office is correct and must to be trusted. Can I trust you ? I hope that you will not betray me when the fund is transferred into your bank account ? I hope I will not regret transferring the fund into your account ??? If you give me my share (60%) when the fund is transferred into your bank account, I promise to invest my share in your country under your care and control. I will be waiting to hear from you as soon as you send the application to the bank e-mail address as I directed you. If you have any question to ask me, please contact me through my private phone number 00226 76665965 and I will educate you more. May our Lord Bless you for your kind understanding in this transaction. Yours brother Johnson Kabor Kam. what will he do? and what will going on? I don't believe it, I want to know how he ebambamboozle .
Can someone please tell me..? Please Answer? Privacy in E-commerce can someone please tell me the laws that pertain this issue? and how does this issue affect students? Thnks
1.The facts of a case are established by:? a. the judge b. the attorney appointed by the judge c. the jury d. the parties to the case e. all of the above 2.Common law and statutory law that define and establish legal rights and regulate behavior is: a. procedural law b. moral law c. substantive law d. stare decisis e. none of the above 3.In Quill Corp. v. North Dakota, a state sales tax was imposed on out-of-state firms doing mail-order business with North Dakota residents,this law was found a. unconstitutional violation of the necessary &proper clause b. constitutional because it involves all mail-order firms c. constitutional because it involves interstate commerce d. unconstitutional violation of the First Amendment rights of the mail-order businesses e. unconstitutional violation of commerce clause 4.The administrative agency equivalent to a court trial is: a. a commissioner's hearing b. a Congressional review c. a rulemaking d. an adjudicatory hearing e. none of the above
is this a load of rubbish or is it safe to agree? Version 2.1 (June 27, 2007) END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT NOTE TO USER: BEFORE YOU INSTALL, COPY OR OTHERWISE USE THE LICENSED SOFTWARE (AS DEFINED BELOW), CAREFULLY READ THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT AS WELL AS THE OTHER SIMILAR AGREEMENTS FOR THE THIRD PARTY SOFTWARE (AS DEFINED BELOW) THAT MAY BE BUNDLED WITH THE LICENSED SOFTWARE. BY INSTALLING, COPYING OR OTHERWISE USING THE LICENSED SOFTWARE, YOU ARE CONSENTING TO BE BOUND BY AND ARE BECOMING A PARTY TO THIS LEGALLY ENFORCEABLE AGREEMENT AS WELL AS THE OTHER SIMILAR THIRD PARTY SOFTWARE AGREEMENTS (INCLUDED HEREWITH). YOU ARE ALSO ACKNOWLEDING AND AGREEING THAT, UPON INSTALLATION OF THE LICENSED SOFTWARE, YOU WILL RECEIVE AND CONTINUE TO RECEIVE CONTEXTUAL POPUP AND CONTEXTUAL LINK ADVERTISING VIA HIGHLIGHTED LINKS. YOU MAY ALSO CHOOSE TO INSTALL (OR UNINSTALL) THIRD-PARTY SOFTWARE FROM SELECT ADVERTISERS. THE LICENSED SOFTWARE CAN BE UNINSTALLED UTILIZING THE “ADD/REMOVE PROGRAMS” COMMAND OF YOUR COMPUTER (SEE FURTHER INSTRUCTIONS BELOW). This End-User License Agreement (the “Agreement”) is an important legal agreement between you (the “Licensee”) and Danube International S.A., a Costa Rican corporation (“Licensor”). Licensor is willing to license the Licensed Software (as defined below) to you, provided that you agree to and accept all of the terms and conditions in this Agreement. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO ALL THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS SET FORTH IN THIS AGREEMENT, DO NOT INSTALL THE LICENSED SOFTWARE. UPON INSTALLATION, YOUR USE OF THE LICENSED SOFTWARE IS SUBJECT TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS SET FORTH IN THIS AGREEMENT. Special Notice for Non-English Speakers: The Licensed Software is suited primarily for the use of English speakers and, therefore, this Agreement is written in English and is addressed to English speakers. If you are not proficient in English and feel that you cannot properly understand this License Agreement, we recommend that you either retain the help of an English speaker to help you understand and accept the terms of this Agreement or, alternatively, refrain from installing or using the Licensed Software. In any event, if you choose to install or use the Licensed Software, you will be bound by this Agreement and the Privacy Policy incorporated herein. Special Notice for Residents of the State of Alaska, USA: Unfortunately, according to SB 140 (Alaska), persons who reside in the State of Alaska may not install the Licensed Software. Therefore, by installing or using the Licensed Software you represent and warrant that your computer is not located in the State of Alaska. To the extent that our system is reasonably able to recognize that your computer is located in the State of Alaska, we will not enable you to install the Licensed Software. Notice for All Users: By downloading the Licensed Software, you get free access to sponsored content across the Internet. The Licensed Software may, among other things, show you ads that pop up on your screen in a separate browser, provide you with a toolbar to make your use of the internet more efficient and enjoyable and allow you to access or otherwise link to programs from our affiliates. The pop-up ads that may appear on your computer are based on keywords and URL targets from the sites you visit. Please note that you will receive Adult-oriented ads if you utilize keywords related to such content or if you view Adult-oriented websites. The Licensed Software is a service of Licensor. 1. DEFINITIONS. The capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined in this Agreement shall have the following meanings: 1.1 “Agreement” or “License” means this End User License Agreement. 1.2 “Licensee” or “you” means the individual who agrees to license the Licensed Software in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement. 1.3 “Licensed Software” means collectively the Software, Third Party Software and Updates. 1.4 “Third Party Software” means the software of third parties bundled together with the Software and/or made available to or installed by Licensee in connection with the installation, use and/or maintenance of the Software, which software includes or displays, without limitation, cookies and pop-up advertisements of third parties, or links to third-party websites not affiliated with Licensor. You may choose not to install Third Party Software or may uninstall such software using your “Add/Remove Software” function on your computer. Each company providing Third Party Software has its own agreements and privacy policies (or other policies) that may be different from this (Licensor’s) Agreement and Privacy Policy <http://dcads.biz/privacy.html>. By clicking “I Agree” you also agree to be bound by the Third Party Software Agreements that are included herewith. In the event of a conflict between a Third Party Software Agreement and this Agreement, this Agreement shall control with respect to Licensor’s obligations, duties or liability. 1.5 “Software” toolbar, contextual popup and contextual link applications installed by Licensee pursuant the terms of this Agreement, together with the software applications, documentation and local computer files installed or utilized by Licensee in connection therewith (excluding the Third Party Software), and all updates, modifications or patches thereof. 1.6 “Updates” means any bug fixes, upgrades, modified versions or updates to the Licensed Software. 1.7 "Use”, "Used" or "Using" means to access, install, download, copy or benefit from using the functionality of the Licensed Software 2. PERMISSION/AUTHORITY TO DOWNLOAD LICENSED SOFTWARE 2.1 Permission to Download Licensed Software. This Agreement contains important legal obligations. Pursuant to applicable laws including, without limitation, the Electronic Signature Law and Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (“UETA”), by clicking “I Agree”, Licensor will treat Licensee’s affirmative action as equivalent to a signed written contract that will legally bind Licensee to the terms of this Agreement. Licensee should carefully review the terms of this Agreement (as well as any Third Party Software Agreements included herewith) before clicking “I agree”. 2.2 Obligation to be Bound by Current Version of EULA. Licensor may revise this EULA or its Privacy Policy <file:///E:\Documents%20and%20Settings\jj\Local%20Settings\Temporary%20Internet%20Files\Content.IE5\WHYJKDQF\privacypolicy.html> at anytime, and may (but shall not be obligated) to notify Licensees of such revisions. By agreeing to the terms of this EULA, Licensee agrees to read and review this EULA and privacy policy in order to stay current on any changes. 3. SOFTWARE LICENSE AND RESTRICTIONS. 3.1 License Grant. Upon acceptance of the terms and conditions of this Agreement, as evidenced by clicking “I agree” and continuing with the installation procedure, Licensor grants Licensee a non-transferable, non-exclusive, revocable, non-sub licensable license to Use the Licensed Software, in binary executable form only, solely in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement. The Licensee agrees not to Use the Licensed Software in any manner that could damage, disable, overburden or impair the Licensed Software, including, without limitation, Using the Licensed Software in an automated manner or in any other manner which could interfere with any other party's use and enjoyment of the Licensed Software. 3.2 Restrictions. As a material condition to the license granted in Section 3.1 above, you will: (a) not reverse engineer, disassemble or decompile the Licensed Software or attempt to discover or recreate the source code to the Licensed Software, except as otherwise required by applicable law, (b) comply with all applicable laws, including U.S. export control laws, in your Use of the Licensed Software, (c) not make any modification, adaptation, improvement, enhancement, translation or derivative work of or to the Licensed Software, (d) not remove, alter or obscure any proprietary notices (including copyright notices) of Licensor or Licensor’s affiliates in the Licensed Software, (e) not Use the Licensed Software for purposes for which it is not designed, and (f) only Use the Licensed Software for personal, non-commercial use. 4. OWNER OF COMPUTER; ALL USERS BOUND; AGE LIMITATION. You represent and warrant either that you are the owner of the computer up which you intend to download the Licensed Software and that you have authorized the download and installation of the Licensed Software or that the owner of the computer has authorized you to do so. You agree, with respect to all users of the computer on which you have caused the Licensed Software to reside, to provide a copy of these terms and conditions and to obtain their consent to these terms and conditions before allowing them to Use the Licensed Software. Alternatively, if you have the legal right to accept this Agreement on behalf of one or more users of the computer on which you have caused or authorized the Licensed Software to reside, then you hereby accept this Agreement on behalf of all such other users. You understand that the presence of the Licensed Software on any computer is voluntary and that you may remove it at any time. You must be at least 18 years of age to Use the Licensed Software. By accepting the terms of this Agreement and Using the Licensed Software you represent that you are over the age of 18. 5. IMPORTANT INFORMATION REGARDING FUNCTIONALITY OF LICENSED SOFTWARE. 5.1 Functionality. Certain applications in the Licensed Software recognize keywords from your Internet browser and URL targets from the sites you visit to display relevant contextual advertisements. These advertisements may be displayed on your computer screen at any time while you are searching and shopping online (and not necessarily while you are using any product or service related to or downloaded with the Licensed Software) and pop-up on your screen in a separate browser. The Licensed Software gathers and stores personal identifiable information and records concerning your Internet browsing behavior. Please refer to Section 10 (below) for further information about Licensor’s privacy policies. 5.2. Display of Advertising. The Licensed Software starts automatically when you start your computer, runs in the background on your computer, and may periodically direct you to our sponsors' websites. By installing and/or using the Licensed Software you grant permission for Licensor to periodically display sponsors' websites to you. The frequency of these advertisements (which will pop up on your screen in a separate browser) will vary depending on your use of the Internet. Please note that you will receive Adult-oriented ads if you utilize keywords related to such content or if you view Adult-oriented websites. On occasion, you may search for a website and receive an error from your browser software indicating that the site cannot be found. When this occurs, the Software includes a function that may redirect your web browser to our sponsor's websites based on the content of the website address, or URL, which you entered. You hereby consent to these actions. Content Licensor considers “Adult” is defined as any audio, video, audiovisual, images, sounds or text that contain or reference any of the following: profanity, crude or off-color humor, violence, blood and gore, weapons, use of alcohol, drugs, tobacco or other controlled substances, online gambling, pornography, erotica, erotic images, nudity, sex, sexually explicit images, and sexual references. 6. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. The Licensed Software is the intellectual property of, and owned exclusively by, Licensor, its affiliates or suppliers or the companies that own or control the Third Party Software. The structure, organization and code of the Licensed Software are the valuable trade secrets and confidential information of Licensor, its suppliers or affiliates or the companies that own or control the Third Party Software. The Licensed Software is protected by copyright, including without limitation by United States copyright law, international treaty provisions and applicable laws in the country in which it is being used. Except as expressly stated herein, this Agreement does not grant you any intellectual property rights in the Licensed Software, and all rights not expressly granted are reserved by Licensor and its affiliates or suppliers. 7. UNINSTALLATION. You understand and agree that the presence of the Licensed Software on your computer is voluntary and that you may remove the Licensed Software from your computer at any time going to the “Add/Remove Software” function on your computer and clicking “Remove Software”. The program name for the software is Browser Optimizer Dcads. Should you choose to download additional software from Licensor’s affiliates or advertisers, those programs may be named differently and require you to remove them separately. Please note that the above is the only proper way to ensure complete removal of all Licensed Software files - many anti-spyware or other software tools do not completely or properly remove the Licensed Software. Some Internet content and software publishers require that their users have certain of the Licensed Software installed on their computer in order to access their content or use their software applications ("Content Providers"). Uninstallation of such Licensed Software may impact your ability to access such content and/or use such software. You may be required to restart your computer in order for the uninstallation to take effect. Should you have any questions regarding the removal of the Licensed Software, please contact <removal@dcads.biz <sendto:removal@dcads.biz>>. 8. UPDATES. Licensor, in its sole discretion, may provide you with Updates to the Licensed Software as part of this Agreement. The Licensed Software may check with Licensor or its affiliates for the existence of any Update released and, in the event that one is available, the Licensed Software may update itself automatically or prompt you to update the Software. Nothing herein shall be construed or interpreted as requiring that Licensor provide Updates. The companies that own or control the Third Party Software may also provide you with Updates to their Licensed Software. Licensor has no control and accepts no liability for Updates that may (or may not) be provided for the Third Party Software. 9. DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND REMEDIES; INDEMNITY. 9.1 No Warranty; Disclaimer. YOUR USE OF THE LICENSED SOFTWARE IS AT YOUR SOLE RISK. THE LICENSED SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" AND "AS AVAILABLE" BASIS. LICENSOR, ITS AFFILIATES OR SUPPLIERS, AND THE COMPANIES THAT OWN OR CONTROL THE THIRD PARTY SOFTWARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. LICENSOR, AND ITS AFFILIATES AND SUPPLIERS, MAKE NO WARRANTY THAT (i) THE LICENSED SOFTWARE WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS, (ii) THE LICENSED SOFTWARE WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED, TIMELY, SECURE, OR ERROR-FREE, (iii) THE RESULTS THAT MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE USE OF THE LICENSED SOFTWARE WILL BE ACCURATE OR RELIABLE, (iv) THE QUALITY OF ANY PRODUCTS, SERVICES, INFORMATION, OR OTHER MATERIAL PURCHASED OR OBTAINED BY YOU THROUGH THE LICENSED SOFTWARE WILL MEET YOUR EXPECTATIONS, OR (v) ANY ERRORS IN THE LICENSED SOFTWARE WILL BE CORRECTED. ANY MATERIAL DOWNLOADED OR OTHERWISE OBTAINED THROUGH THE USE OF THE LICENSED SOFTWARE IS OBTAINED AT YOUR OWN DISCRETION AND RISK AND YOU WILL BE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY DAMAGE TO YOUR COMPUTER SYSTEM OR LOSS OF DATA THAT RESULTS FROM THE DOWNLOAD OF ANY SUCH MATERIAL. NO ADVICE OR INFORMATION, WHETHER ORAL OR WRITTEN, OBTAINED BY YOU FROM LICENSOR OR THROUGH OR FROM THE LICENSED SOFTWARE SHALL CREATE ANY WARRANTY. LICENSOR IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR CONTENT HOSTED BY CONTENT PROVIDERS. 9.2 Limitation of Damages. LICENSOR, ITS AFFILIATES OR SUPPLIERS, OR THE COMPANIES THAT OWN OR CONTROL THE THIRD PARTY SOFTWARE WILL NOT HAVE ANY LIABILITY FOR, AND YOU HEREBY RELEASE LICENSOR, ITS AFFILIATES AND SUPPLIERS AND THE COMPANIES THAT OWN OR CONTROL THE THIRD PARTY SOFTWARE FROM ANY, LIABILITY (WHETHER IN CONTRACT, WARRANTY, TORT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) FOR ANY DAMAGES SUSTAINED BY YOU ARISING FROM THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE LICENSED SOFTWARE, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS OF DATA, SAVINGS, OR PROFITS OR THE COST OF PROCURING SUBSTITUTE GOODS, EVEN IF LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. IN NO EVENT WILL LICENSOR’S ENTIRE LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THIS AGREEMENT EXCEED $100.00. SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF CERTAIN WARRANTIES OR THE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES. ACCORDINGLY, SOME OF THE ABOVE LIMITATIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. 9.3 Indemnity. Licensee agrees to indemnify, defend, and hold Licensor and all of the directors, officers, shareholders, affiliates, employees, and agents of Licensor (collectively referred to as "Licensor’s Agents") harmless against and in respect to any and all claims, demands, losses, costs, expenses, obligations, liabilities, damages, recoveries, and deficiencies, including interest, penalties, expert witness fees, and reasonable attorneys' fees that Licensor, Licensor’s Agents and the companies that own or control the Third Party Software shall incur or suffer, which arise, result from, or in any way relate to: (a) any breach of, or failure by Licensee to perform any of the representations, warranties, covenants or agreements in this Agreement; (b) Licensee’s violation of any applicable law or regulation, whether or not referenced herein; and (c) Licensee’s violation of any rights of any third party (including, without limitation, the right of the third parties who own the Third Party Software). 10. USE OF INFORMATION; PRIVACY POLICY. 10.1 Use of Information. By entering into this Agreement, Licensee agrees that Licensor may collect and retain information about Licensee, including Licensee’s name and email address. Licensor may employ other companies and individuals to perform these functions on its behalf. Examples may include fulfilling orders, delivering packages, sending postal mail and e-mail, removing repetitive information from customer lists, analyzing data, providing marketing assistance and processing credit card payments. These third parties may be given access to personal information needed to perform their functions, but may not use it for other purposes. In addition, Licensor will collect and use anonymous information relating to your use of the Licensed Software application for statistical and related purposes. Licensor may disclose the information to third parties for these purposes but will not use or disclose information about your use of the Licensed Software for any other purpose (unless required to do so by law). Licensor may keep track of your Internet history in order to customize the advertisements provided to you as part of the Licensed Software. 10.2 Privacy Policy. Without limiting the generality of Section 10.1, by installing the Licensed Software, you grant permission for Licensor to collect and use certain information. You acknowledge that you have reviewed the applicable Licensor Privacy Policy, which describes Licensor’s general practices with respect to the collection, use and disclosure of information in connection with your Use of the Licensed Software, which is incorporated herein by reference. Licensor reserves the right to change the provisions of its Privacy Policy from time to time. Your Use of the Licensed Software following the posting of such changes to Licensor’s Privacy Policy will constitute your acceptance of any such changes. Licensor does not make any and hereby disclaims to the maximum extent allowed by law any and all covenants, representations and warranties with respect to its compliance with the statements of intent contained in Licensor's privacy policy. 11. COMPATIBILITY. Licensor does not warrant that the Licensed Software will be compatible with your hardware or other software installed on your computer system. Compatibility issues may cause your computer's performance to suffer. In the event that the Licensed Software is not compatible with your hardware or other software installed on your computer system, the Licensed Software can be uninstalled as provided in Section 7, above. Like all software, the Licensed Software utilizes some of your computer's resources to run, including system memory and Internet connection. Use of the Licensed Software on a computer with inadequate system resources will cause such computer's performance to suffer. 12. USER REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES. You acknowledge, represent and warrant that: (a) you own the computer on which you are installing the Licensed Software, or have the authority to install the Licensed Software on such computer; (b) your installation and/or Use of the Licensed Software will not violate any local, state or federal laws that apply to you, or the Use or installation of the Licensed Software; (c) Licensor is not causing the Licensed Software to be installed on your computer, but has provided the Licensed Software to you, which you are installing of your own volition; and (d) you have read and fully understand the terms of this Agreement. 13. EXPORT. You agree that the Licensed Software may not be acquired, shipped, transported, exported, or re-exported (A) into (or to a national or resident of) any U.S. embargoed country or (B) to anyone on the U.S. Treasury Department's list of Specially Designated Nationals or the U.S. Department of Commerce's Table of Denial Orders. By using the Licensed Software, you represent and warrant that you are not located in, under control of, or a national or resident of any such country or on any such list. 14. MISCELLANEOUS. 14.1 Entire Agreement. This Agreement and any Third Party Software Agreement set forth the entire understanding of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof. There are no representations, warranties, agreements, arrangements or understandings, oral or written, between the parties relating to this Agreement which are not fully expressed in this Agreement. No waiver, amendment or modification of any of the terms of this Agreement shall be effective unless in writing and signed by the party affected by the waiver, amendment or modification; provided, however, that that Licensor may unilaterally amend or modify this Agreement or a company that owns or controls Third Party Software may modify their Third Party Software Agreement at any time and you shall have notice of these changes by reference to the Version number of this document and the effective date for such version (or the Third Party Software Agreement may be amended according to that company’s particular policies). Further, no waiver of any term, condition or default of any term of this Agreement shall be construed as a waiver of any other term, condition or default. In the event of a conflict between this Agreement and any Third Party Agreement with respect to the use of the Licensed Software and the obligations, duties or liability of Licensor, this Agreement shall control notwithstanding such conflicting language. 14.2 Severability. In the event that any provision of this Agreement is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be unenforceable, the validity of the remaining provisions shall not be affected, and the rights and obligations of the parties shall be construed and enforced as if the Agreement did not contain the particular provisions held to be unenforceable and the unenforceable provisions shall be replaced by mutually acceptable provisions which, being valid, legal and enforceable, come closest to the intention of the parties underlying the invalid or unenforceable provision. 14.3 Governing Law and Venue. This Agreement and each and every portion of this Agreement shall be interpreted pursuant to the internal laws of the Country of Costa Rica, without giving effect to the principles of conflict of laws. Each of the parties hereby irrevocably and unconditionally agrees to the exclusive jurisdiction of any court located in Cost Rica for any actions, suits or proceedings arising out of or relating to this Agreement (and the parties each agree not to commence any action, suit or proceeding relating thereto except in such courts and not to plead or claim that any such court is an inconvenient or otherwise improper or inappropriate forum). 14.4 Injunctive Relief. Licensee acknowledges that the injury that would be suffered by Licensor as a result of a breach of the provisions of this Agreement by Licensee would be irreparable and that an award of monetary damages to Licensor for such a breach would be an inadequate remedy. Consequently, Licensor will have the right, in addition to any other rights it may have, to obtain injunctive relief to restrain any breach or threatened breach or otherwise to specifically enforce any provision of this Agreement, and Licensor will not be obligated to post bond or other security in seeking such relief Should you have any questions concerning this Agreement, or if you wish to contact Licensor for any reason, please e-mail us at dcads.biz <sendto:info@dcads.biz>. SuperiorAds.Biz - (If applicable)* Version 2.1 (June 27, 2007) END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT NOTE TO USER: BEFORE YOU INSTALL, COPY OR OTHERWISE USE THE LICENSED SOFTWARE (AS DEFINED BELOW), CAREFULLY READ THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT AS WELL AS THE OTHER SIMILAR AGREEMENTS FOR THE THIRD PARTY SOFTWARE (AS DEFINED BELOW) THAT MAY BE BUNDLED WITH THE LICENSED SOFTWARE. BY INSTALLING, COPYING OR OTHERWISE USING THE LICENSED SOFTWARE, YOU ARE CONSENTING TO BE BOUND BY AND ARE BECOMING A PARTY TO THIS LEGALLY ENFORCEABLE AGREEMENT AS WELL AS THE OTHER SIMILAR THIRD PARTY SOFTWARE AGREEMENTS (INCLUDED HEREWITH). YOU ARE ALSO ACKNOWLEDING AND AGREEING THAT, UPON INSTALLATION OF THE LICENSED SOFTWARE, YOU WILL RECEIVE AND CONTINUE TO RECEIVE CONTEXTUAL POPUP AND CONTEXTUAL LINK ADVERTISING VIA HIGHLIGHTED LINKS. YOU MAY ALSO CHOOSE TO INSTALL (OR UNINSTALL) THIRD-PARTY SOFTWARE FROM SELECT ADVERTISERS. THE LICENSED SOFTWARE CAN BE UNINSTALLED UTILIZING THE “ADD/REMOVE PROGRAMS” COMMAND OF YOUR COMPUTER (SEE FURTHER INSTRUCTIONS BELOW). This End-User License Agreement (the “Agreement”) is an important legal agreement between you (the “Licensee”) and Danube International inc., a Costa Rican corporation (“Licensor”). Licensor is willing to license the Licensed Software (as defined below) to you, provided that you agree to and accept all of the terms and conditions in this Agreement. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO ALL THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS SET FORTH IN THIS AGREEMENT, DO NOT INSTALL THE LICENSED SOFTWARE. UPON INSTALLATION, YOUR USE OF THE LICENSED SOFTWARE IS SUBJECT TO THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS SET FORTH IN THIS AGREEMENT. Special Notice for Non-English Speakers: The Licensed Software is suited primarily for the use of English speakers and, therefore, this Agreement is written in English and is addressed to English speakers. If you are not proficient in English and feel that you cannot properly understand this License Agreement, we recommend that you either retain the help of an English speaker to help you understand and accept the terms of this Agreement or, alternatively, refrain from installing or using the Licensed Software. In any event, if you choose to install or use the Licensed Software, you will be bound by this Agreement and the Privacy Policy incorporated herein. Special Notice for Residents of the State of Alaska, USA: Unfortunately, according to SB 140 (Alaska), persons who reside in the State of Alaska may not install the Licensed Software. Therefore, by installing or using the Licensed Software you represent and warrant that your computer is not located in the State of Alaska. To the extent that our system is reasonably able to recognize that your computer is located in the State of Alaska, we will not enable you to install the Licensed Software. Notice for All Users: By downloading the Licensed Software, you get free access to sponsored content across the Internet. The Licensed Software may, among other things, show you ads that pop up on your screen in a separate browser, provide you with a toolbar to make your use of the internet more efficient and enjoyable and allow you to access or otherwise link to programs from our affiliates. The pop-up ads that may appear on your computer are based on keywords and URL targets from the sites you visit. Please note that you will receive Adult-oriented ads if you utilize keywords related to such content or if you view Adult-oriented websites. The Licensed Software is a service of Licensor. 1. DEFINITIONS. The capitalized terms used but not otherwise defined in this Agreement shall have the following meanings: 1.1 “Agreement” or “License” means this End User License Agreement. 1.2 “Licensee” or “you” means the individual who agrees to license the Licensed Software in accordance with the terms and conditions of this Agreement. 1.3 “Licensed Software” means collectively the Software, Third Party Software and Updates. 1.4 “Third Party Software” means the software of third parties bundled together with the Software and/or made available to or installed by Licensee in connection with the installation, use and/or maintenance of the Software, which software includes or displays, without limitation, cookies and pop-up advertisements of third parties, or links to third-party websites not affiliated with Licensor. You may choose not to install Third Party Software or may uninstall such software using your “Add/Remove Software” function on your computer. Each company providing Third Party Software has its own agreements and privacy policies (or other policies) that may be different from this (Licensor’s) Agreement and Privacy Policy . By clicking “I Agree” you also agree to be bound by the Third Party Software Agreements that are included herewith. In the event of a conflict between a Third Party Software Agreement and this Agreement, this Agreement shall control with respect to Licensor’s obligations, duties or liability. 1.5 “Software” toolbar, contextual popup and contextual link applications installed by Licensee pursuant the terms of this Agreement, together with the software applications, documentation and local computer files installed or utilized by Licensee in connection therewith (excluding the Third Party Software), and all updates, modifications or patches thereof. 1.6 “Updates” means any bug fixes, upgrades, modified versions or updates to the Licensed Software. 1.7 "Use”, "Used" or "Using" means to access, install, download, copy or benefit from using the functionality of the Licensed Software 2. PERMISSION/AUTHORITY TO DOWNLOAD LICENSED SOFTWARE 2.1 Permission to Download Licensed Software. This Agreement contains important legal obligations. Pursuant to applicable laws including, without limitation, the Electronic Signature Law and Uniform Electronic Transactions Act (“UETA”), by clicking “I Agree”, Licensor will treat Licensee’s affirmative action as equivalent to a signed written contract that will legally bind Licensee to the terms of this Agreement. Licensee should carefully review the terms of this Agreement (as well as any Third Party Software Agreements included herewith) before clicking “I agree”. 2.2 Obligation to be Bound by Current Version of EULA. Licensor may revise this EULA or its Privacy Policy at anytime, and may (but shall not be obligated) to notify Licensees of such revisions. By agreeing to the terms of this EULA, Licensee agrees to read and review this EULA and privacy policy in order to stay current on any changes. 3. SOFTWARE LICENSE AND RESTRICTIONS. 3.1 License Grant. Upon acceptance of the terms and conditions of this Agreement, as evidenced by clicking “I agree” and continuing with the installation procedure, Licensor grants Licensee a non-transferable, non-exclusive, revocable, non-sub licensable license to Use the Licensed Software, in binary executable form only, solely in accordance with the terms and conditions set forth in this Agreement. The Licensee agrees not to Use the Licensed Software in any manner that could damage, disable, overburden or impair the Licensed Software, including, without limitation, Using the Licensed Software in an automated manner or in any other manner which could interfere with any other party's use and enjoyment of the Licensed Software. 3.2 Restrictions. As a material condition to the license granted in Section 3.1 above, you will: (a) not reverse engineer, disassemble or decompile the Licensed Software or attempt to discover or recreate the source code to the Licensed Software, except as otherwise required by applicable law, (b) comply with all applicable laws, including U.S. export control laws, in your Use of the Licensed Software, (c) not make any modification, adaptation, improvement, enhancement, translation or derivative work of or to the Licensed Software, (d) not remove, alter or obscure any proprietary notices (including copy notices) of Licensor or Licensor’s affiliates in the Licensed Software, (e) not Use the Licensed Software for purposes for which it is not designed, and (f) only Use the Licensed Software for personal, non-commercial use. 4. OWNER OF COMPUTER; ALL USERS BOUND; AGE LIMITATION. You represent and warrant either that you are the owner of the computer up which you intend to download the Licensed Software and that you have authorized the download and installation of the Licensed Software or that the owner of the computer has authorized you to do so. You agree, with respect to all users of the computer on which you have caused the Licensed Software to reside, to provide a copy of these terms and conditions and to obtain their consent to these terms and conditions before allowing them to Use the Licensed Software. Alternatively, if you have the legal right to accept this Agreement on behalf of one or more users of the computer on which you have caused or authorized the Licensed Software to reside, then you hereby accept this Agreement on behalf of all such other users. You understand that the presence of the Licensed Software on any computer is voluntary and that you may remove it at any time. You must be at least 18 years of age to Use the Licensed Software. By accepting the terms of this Agreement and Using the Licensed Software you represent that you are over the age of 18. 5. IMPORTANT INFORMATION REGARDING FUNCTIONALITY OF LICENSED SOFTWARE. 5.1 Functionality. Certain applications in the Licensed Software recognize keywords from your Internet browser and URL targets from the sites you visit to display relevant contextual advertisements. These advertisements may be displayed on your computer screen at any time while you are searching and shopping online (and not necessarily while you are using any product or service related to or downloaded with the Licensed Software) and pop-up on your screen in a separate browser. The Licensed Software gathers and stores personal identifiable information and records concerning your Internet browsing behavior. Please refer to Section 10 (below) for further information about Licensor’s privacy policies. 5.2. Display of Advertising. The Licensed Software starts automatically when you start your computer, runs in the background on your computer, and may periodically direct you to our sponsors' websites. By installing and/or using the Licensed Software you grant permission for Licensor to periodically display sponsors' websites to you. The frequency of these advertisements (which will pop up on your screen in a separate browser) will vary depending on your use of the Internet. Please note that you will receive Adult-oriented ads if you utilize keywords related to such content or if you view Adult-oriented websites. On occasion, you may search for a website and receive an error from your browser software indicating that the site cannot be found. When this occurs, the Software includes a function that may redirect your web browser to our sponsor's websites based on the content of the website address, or URL, which you entered. You hereby consent to these actions. Content Licensor considers “Adult” is defined as any audio, video, audiovisual, images, sounds or text that contain or reference any of the following: profanity, crude or off-color humor, violence, blood and gore, weapons, use of alcohol, drugs, tobacco or other controlled substances, online gambling, pornography, erotica, erotic images, nudity, sex, sexually explicit images, and sexual references. 6. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS. The Licensed Software is the intellectual property of, and owned exclusively by, Licensor, its affiliates or suppliers or the companies that own or control the Third Party Software. The structure, organization and code of the Licensed Software are the valuable trade secrets and confidential information of Licensor, its suppliers or affiliates or the companies that own or control the Third Party Software. The Licensed Software is protected by copyright, including without limitation by United States copyright law, international treaty provisions and applicable laws in the country in which it is being used. Except as expressly stated herein, this Agreement does not grant you any intellectual property rights in the Licensed Software, and all rights not expressly granted are reserved by Licensor and its affiliates or suppliers. 7. UNINSTALLATION. You understand and agree that the presence of the Licensed Software on your computer is voluntary and that you may remove the Licensed Software from your computer at any time going to the “Add/Remove Software” function on your computer and clicking “Remove Software”. The program name for the software is Browser Optimizer SuperiorAds. Should you choose to download additional software from Licensor’s affiliates or advertisers, those programs may be named differently and require you to remove them separately. Please note that the above is the only proper way to ensure complete removal of all Licensed Software files - many anti-spyware or other software tools do not completely or properly remove the Licensed Software. Some Internet content and software publishers require that their users have certain of the Licensed Software installed on their computer in order to access their content or use their software applications ("Content Providers"). Uninstallation of such Licensed Software may impact your ability to access such content and/or use such software. You may be required to restart your computer in order for the uninstallation to take effect. Should you have any questions regarding the removal of the Licensed Software, please contact removal@dcads.biz or removal@rightonads.biz. 8. UPDATES. Licensor, in its sole discretion, may provide you with Updates to the Licensed Software as part of this Agreement. The Licensed Software may check with Licensor or its affiliates for the existence of any Update released and, in the event that one is available, the Licensed Software may update itself automatically or prompt you to update the Software. Nothing herein shall be construed or interpreted as requiring that Licensor provide Updates. The companies that own or control the Third Party Software may also provide you with Updates to their Licensed Software. Licensor has no control and accepts no liability for Updates that may (or may not) be provided for the Third Party Software. 9. DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTIES AND REMEDIES; INDEMNITY. 9.1 No Warranty; Disclaimer. YOUR USE OF THE LICENSED SOFTWARE IS AT YOUR SOLE RISK. THE LICENSED SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ON AN "AS IS" AND "AS AVAILABLE" BASIS. LICENSOR, ITS AFFILIATES OR SUPPLIERS, AND THE COMPANIES THAT OWN OR CONTROL THE THIRD PARTY SOFTWARE EXPRESSLY DISCLAIM ALL WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, WHETHER EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NON-INFRINGEMENT. LICENSOR, AND ITS AFFILIATES AND SUPPLIERS, MAKE NO WARRANTY THAT (i) THE LICENSED SOFTWARE WILL MEET YOUR REQUIREMENTS, (ii) THE LICENSED SOFTWARE WILL BE UNINTERRUPTED, TIMELY, SECURE, OR ERROR-FREE, (iii) THE RESULTS THAT MAY BE OBTAINED FROM THE USE OF THE LICENSED SOFTWARE WILL BE ACCURATE OR RELIABLE, (iv) THE QUALITY OF ANY PRODUCTS, SERVICES, INFORMATION, OR OTHER MATERIAL PURCHASED OR OBTAINED BY YOU THROUGH THE LICENSED SOFTWARE WILL MEET YOUR EXPECTATIONS, OR (v) ANY ERRORS IN THE LICENSED SOFTWARE WILL BE CORRECTED. ANY MATERIAL DOWNLOADED OR OTHERWISE OBTAINED THROUGH THE USE OF THE LICENSED SOFTWARE IS OBTAINED AT YOUR OWN DISCRETION AND RISK AND YOU WILL BE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY DAMAGE TO YOUR COMPUTER SYSTEM OR LOSS OF DATA THAT RESULTS FROM THE DOWNLOAD OF ANY SUCH MATERIAL. NO ADVICE OR INFORMATION, WHETHER ORAL OR WRITTEN, OBTAINED BY YOU FROM LICENSOR OR THROUGH OR FROM THE LICENSED SOFTWARE SHALL CREATE ANY WARRANTY. LICENSOR IS NOT RESPONSIBLE FOR CONTENT HOSTED BY CONTENT PROVIDERS. 9.2 Limitation of Damages. LICENSOR, ITS AFFILIATES OR SUPPLIERS, OR THE COMPANIES THAT OWN OR CONTROL THE THIRD PARTY SOFTWARE WILL NOT HAVE ANY LIABILITY FOR, AND YOU HEREBY RELEASE LICENSOR, ITS AFFILIATES AND SUPPLIERS AND THE COMPANIES THAT OWN OR CONTROL THE THIRD PARTY SOFTWARE FROM ANY, LIABILITY (WHETHER IN CONTRACT, WARRANTY, TORT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) FOR ANY DAMAGES SUSTAINED BY YOU ARISING FROM THE USE OR INABILITY TO USE THE LICENSED SOFTWARE, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR LOSS OF DATA, SAVINGS, OR PROFITS OR THE COST OF PROCURING SUBSTITUTE GOODS, EVEN IF LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. IN NO EVENT WILL LICENSOR’S ENTIRE LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THIS AGREEMENT EXCEED $100.00. SOME JURISDICTIONS DO NOT ALLOW THE EXCLUSION OF CERTAIN WARRANTIES OR THE LIMITATION OR EXCLUSION OF LIABILITY FOR INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES. ACCORDINGLY, SOME OF THE ABOVE LIMITATIONS MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. 9.3 Indemnity. Licensee agrees to indemnify, defend, and hold Licensor and all of the directors, officers, shareholders, affiliates, employees, and agents of Licensor (collectively referred to as "Licensor’s Agents") harmless against and in respect to any and all claims, demands, losses, costs, expenses, obligations, liabilities, damages, recoveries, and deficiencies, including interest, penalties, expert witness fees, and reasonable attorneys' fees that Licensor, Licensor’s Agents and the companies that own or control the Third Party Software shall incur or suffer, which arise, result from, or in any way relate to: (a) any breach of, or failure by Licensee to perform any of the representations, warranties, covenants or agreements in this Agreement; (b) Licensee’s violation of any applicable law or regulation, whether or not referenced herein; and (c) Licensee’s violation of any rights of any third party (including, without limitation, the right of the third parties who own the Third Party Software). 10. USE OF INFORMATION; PRIVACY POLICY. 10.1 Use of Information. By entering into this Agreement, Licensee agrees that Licensor may collect and retain information about Licensee, including Licensee’s name and email address. Licensor may employ other companies and individuals to perform these functions on its behalf. Examples may include fulfilling orders, delivering packages, sending postal mail and e-mail, removing repetitive information from customer lists, analyzing data, providing marketing assistance and processing credit card payments. These third parties may be given access to personal information needed to perform their functions, but may not use it for other purposes. In addition, Licensor will collect and use anonymous information relating to your use of the Licensed Software application for statistical and related purposes. Licensor may disclose the information to third parties for these purposes but will not use or disclose information about your use of the Licensed Software for any other purpose (unless required to do so by law). Licensor may keep track of your Internet history in order to customize the advertisements provided to you as part of the Licensed Software. 10.2 Privacy Policy. Without limiting the generality of Section 10.1, by installing the Licensed Software, you grant permission for Licensor to collect and use certain information. You acknowledge that you have reviewed the applicable Licensor Privacy Policy, which describes Licensor’s general practices with respect to the collection, use and disclosure of information in connection with your Use of the Licensed Software, which is incorporated herein by reference. Licensor reserves the right to change the provisions of its Privacy Policy from time to time. Your Use of the Licensed Software following the posting of such changes to Licensor’s Privacy Policy will constitute your acceptance of any such changes. Licensor does not make any and hereby disclaims to the maximum extent allowed by law any and all covenants, representations and warranties with respect to its compliance with the statements of intent contained in Licensor's privacy policy. 11. COMPATIBILITY. Licensor does not warrant that the Licensed Software will be compatible with your hardware or other software installed on your computer system. Compatibility issues may cause your computer's performance to suffer. In the event that the Licensed Software is not compatible with your hardware or other software installed on your computer system, the Licensed Software can be uninstalled as provided in Section 7, above. Like all software, the Licensed Software utilizes some of your computer's resources to run, including system memory and Internet connection. Use of the Licensed Software on a computer with inadequate system resources will cause such computer's performance to suffer. 12. USER REPRESENTATIONS AND WARRANTIES. You acknowledge, represent and warrant that: (a) you own the computer on which you are installing the Licensed Software, or have the authority to install the Licensed Software on such computer; (b) your installation and/or Use of the Licensed Software will not violate any local, state or federal laws that apply to you, or the Use or installation of the Licensed Software; (c) Licensor is not causing the Licensed Software to be installed on your computer, but has provided the Licensed Software to you, which you are installing of your own volition; and (d) you have read and fully understand the terms of this Agreement. 13. EXPORT. You agree that the Licensed Software may not be acquired, shipped, transported, exported, or re-exported (A) into (or to a national or resident of) any U.S. embargoed country or (B) to anyone on the U.S. Treasury Department's list of Specially Designated Nationals or the U.S. Department of Commerce's Table of Denial Orders. By using the Licensed Software, you represent and warrant that you are not located in, under control of, or a national or resident of any such country or on any such list. 14. MISCELLANEOUS. 14.1 Entire Agreement. This Agreement and any Third Party Software Agreement set forth the entire understanding of the parties with respect to the subject matter hereof. There are no representations, warranties, agreements, arrangements or understandings, oral or written, between the parties relating to this Agreement which are not fully expressed in this Agreement. No waiver, amendment or modification of any of the terms of this Agreement shall be effective unless in writing and signed by the party affected by the waiver, amendment or modification; provided, however, that that Licensor may unilaterally amend or modify this Agreement or a company that owns or controls Third Party Software may modify their Third Party Software Agreement at any time and you shall have notice of these changes by reference to the Version number of this document and the effective date for such version (or the Third Party Software Agreement may be amended according to that company’s particular policies). Further, no waiver of any term, condition or default of any term of this Agreement shall be construed as a waiver of any other term, condition or default. In the event of a conflict between this Agreement and any Third Party Agreement with respect to the use of the Licensed Software and the obligations, duties or liability of Licensor, this Agreement shall control notwithstanding such conflicting language. 14.2 Severability. In the event that any provision of this Agreement is held by a court of competent jurisdiction to be unenforceable, the validity of the remaining provisions shall not be affected, and the rights and obligations of the parties shall be construed and enforced as if the Agreement did not contain the particular provisions held to be unenforceable and the unenforceable provisions shall be replaced by mutually acceptable provisions which, being valid, legal and enforceable, come closest to the intention of the parties underlying the invalid or unenforceable provision. 14.3 Governing Law and Venue. This Agreement and each and every portion of this Agreement shall be interpreted pursuant to the internal laws of the Country of Costa Rica, without giving effect to the principles of conflict of laws. Each of the parties hereby irrevocably and unconditionally agrees to the exclusive jurisdiction of any court located in Cost Rica for any actions, suits or proceedings arising out of or relating to this Agreement (and the parties each agree not to commence any action, suit or proceeding relating thereto except in such courts and not to plead or claim that any such court is an inconvenient or otherwise improper or inappropriate forum). 14.4 Injunctive Relief. Licensee acknowledges that the injury that would be suffered by Licensor as a result of a breach of the provisions of this Agreement by Licensee would be irreparable and that an award of monetary damages to Licensor for such a breach would be an inadequate remedy. Consequently, Licensor will have the right, in addition to any other rights it may have, to obtain injunctive relief to restrain any breach or threatened breach or otherwise to specifically enforce any provision of this Agreement, and Licensor will not be obligated to post bond or other security in seeking such relief. Should you have any questions concerning this Agreement, or if you wish to contact Licensor for any reason, please e-mail us at info@dcads.biz or info@superiorads.biz. webHancer Customer Companion - (If applicable)* Terms and Conditions of Installing the webHancer Customer Companion (the "Software"). IMPORTANT NOTICE: THIS SOFTWARE RELAYS YOUR WEB SURFING PERFORMANCE METRICS TO WEBHANCER CORP. TO GENERATE PERFORMANCE REPORTS FOR THIRD PARTIES. AS SUCH, YOUR INTERNET CONNECTION WILL BE USED PERIODICALLY TO SEND AND RECEIVE DATA. WE RESPECT OUR CUSTOMERS PRIVACY. THE WEBHANCER PRIVACY POLICY (available at: http://www.webhancer.com/privacy) FORMS PART OF THIS AGREEMENT. BY AGREEING TO THE TERMS OF THIS AGREEMENT, YOU ALSO CONSENT TO THE TERMS OF THE WEBHANCER PRIVACY POLICY, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE COLLECTION, USE AND DISCLOSURE OF INFORMATION AS SET OUT THEREIN. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO THE TERMS OF THE WEBHANCER PRIVACY POLICY, DO NOT INSTALL THIS SOFTWARE. THIS SOFTWARE SUPPORTS WINDOWS 98/2000/ME/XP and WINDOWS NT 4.0 Service Pack 4 and higher (EXCLUDING WINDOWS TERMINAL SERVER AND WINDOWS 2000 WITH TERMINAL SERVICES ENABLED). THIS IS A LICENSE, NOT A SALE. THIS END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT ("AGREEMENT") IS A LEGAL CONTRACT BETWEEN YOU AND WEBHANCER CORP. ("WEBHANCER") FOR THE CUSTOMER COMPANION SOFTWARE (THE 'SOFTWARE'). THIS SOFTWARE WILL MAKE USE OF YOUR INTERNET CONNECTION. YOU ARE SOLELY RESPONSIBLE FOR ANY AND ALL NETWORK USAGE COSTS OR ANY OTHER COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH YOUR USE OF THE SOFTWARE. BY DOWNLOADING, INSTALLING OR USING THE SOFTWARE YOU AGREE TO BE BOUND BY THE TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF THIS AGREEMENT. IF YOU DO NOT AGREE WITH THESE TERMS AND CONDITIONS, UNINSTALL, AND DO NOT USE THE SOFTWARE. WEBHANCER grants to you a non-exclusive, non-transferable and restricted license to use the Software on a single computer for your internal use, subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement. You may make and distribute unlimited copies of the Software, excluding copies for commercial distribution, as long as each copy that you distribute is distributed subject to this agreement.
Was the Reagan Administration the most corrupt ever? Ronald Reagan's Criminal Administration: "By the end of his term, 138 Reagan administration officials had been convicted, had been indicted, or had been the subject of official investigations for official misconduct and/or criminal violations. In terms of number of officials involved, the record of his administration was the worst ever." James Watt, Reagan's Secretary of the Interior was indicted on 41 felony counts for using connections at the Department of Housing and Urban Development to help his private clients seek federal funds for housing projects in Maryland, New Jersey, Massachusetts, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands. Watt conceded that he had received $500,000 from clients who were granted very favorable housing contracts after he had intervened on their behalf. In testifying before a House committee Watt said: "That's what they offered and it sounded like a lot of money to me, and we settled on it." Watt was eventually sentenced to five years in prison and 500 hours of community service. Although not convicted, Edwin Meese III, resigned as Reagan's Attorney General after having been the subject of investigations by the United States Office of the Independent Counsel on two occasions (Wedtech and Iran-Contra), during the 3 short years he was in office. E. Bob Wallach, close friend and law classmate of Attorney General Edwin Meese, was sentenced to six years in prison and fined $250,000 in connection with the Wedtech influence-peddling scandal. Lyn Nofziger--Convicted on charges of illegal lobbying of White House in Wedtech scandal. Michael Deaver received three years' probation and was fined one hundred thousand dollars after being convicted for lying to a congressional subcommittee and a federal grand jury about his lobbying activities after leaving the White House. The Iran-Contra scandal. In June, 1984, at a National Security Council meeting, CIA Director Casey urged President Reagan to seek third-party aid for the Nicaraguan contras. Secretary of State Schultz warned that it would be an "impeachable offense" if the U.S. government acted as conduit for such secret funding. But that didn't stop them. That same day, Oliver North was seeking third-party aid for the contras. But Reagan, the "teflon President" avoided serious charges or impeachment. Casper Weinberger was Secretary of Defense during Iran-Contra. In June 1992 he was indicted by a federal grand jury on charges of concealing from congressional investigators and prosecutors thousands of pages of his handwritten notes. The personal memoirs taken during high level meetings, detailed events in 1985 and 1986 involving the Iran-Contra affair. Weinberger claimed he was being unfairly prosecuted because he would not provide information incriminating Ronald Reagan. Weinberger was scheduled to go on trial January 5, 1993, where the contents of his notes would have come to light and may have implicated other, unindicted conspirators. While Weinberger was never directly linked to the covert operations phase of the Iran-Contra affair, he is believed to have been involved in the cover-up of the ensuing scandal. According to Special Prosecutor Lawrence Walsh, Weinberger's notes contain evidence of a conspiracy among the highest ranking Reagan Administration officials to lie to congress and the American public. Some of the notes are believed to have evidence against then Vice-President George Bush who pardoned Weinberger to keep him from going to trial. Raymond Donovan, Secretary of Labor indicted for defrauding the New York City Transit Authority of $7.4. million. { Republicans will point out that Donovan was acquitted. And that really matters in Donovan's case, because he was a Republican. But it didn't matter for Clinton or any of his cabinet, most all of whom were acquitted, because they were Democrats!} Elliott Abrams was appointed by President Reagan in 1985 to head the State Department's Latin American Bureau. He was closely linked with ex-White House aide Lt. Col. Oliver North's covert movement to aid the Contras. Working for North, Abrams coordinated inter-agency support for the contras and helped solicit illegal funding from foreign powers as well as domestic contributors. Abrams agreed to cooperate with Iran-Contra investigators and pled guilty to two charges reduced to misdemeanors. He was sentenced in 1991 to two years probation and 100 hours of community service but was pardoned by President George Bush. Robert C. McFarlane was appointed Ronald Reagan's National Security Advisor in October 1983 and become well-known as a champion of the MX missile program in his role as White House liaison to congress. In 1984, Mc Farlane initiated the review of U.S. policy towards Iran that led directly to the arms for hostages deal. He also supervised early National Security Council efforts to support the Contras. Shortly after the Iran-Contra scandal was revealed in early 1987, McFarlane took an overdose of the tranquilizer Valium in an attempt to end his life. In his own words: "What really drove me to despair was a sense of having failed the country." McFarlane pled guilty to four misdemeanors and was sentenced to two years probation and 200 hours of community service. He was also fined $20,000. He received a blanket pardon from President George Bush. Oliver North--Convicted of falsifying and destroying documents, accepting an illegal gratuity, and aiding and abetting the obstruction of Congress. Conviction overturned on appeal due to legal technicalities. John Poindexter, Reagan's national security advisor, --guilty of five criminal counts involving conspiracy to mislead Congress, obstructing congressional inquiries, lying to lawmakers, used "high national security" to mask deceit and wrong-doing. Richard Secord pleaded guilty to a felony charge of lying to Congress over Iran-Contra. Alan D. Fiers was the Chief of the Central Intelligence Agency's Central American Task Force. Fiers pled guilty in 1991 to two counts of withholding information from congress about Oliver North's activities and the diversion of Iran arms sale money to aid the Contras. He was sentenced to one year of probation and 100 hours of community service. Fiers agreed to cooperate with prosecutors in exchange for having his felonies reduced to misdemeanors and his testimony gave a boost to the long standing criminal investigation of Lawrence Walsh, Special Prosecutor. Fiers testified that he and three CIA colleagues knew by mid-1986 that profits from the TOW and HAWK missile sales to Iran were being diverted to the Contras months before it became public knowledge. Alan Fiers received a blanket pardon for his crimes from President Bush. Clair George was Chief of the CIA's Division of Covert Operations under President Reagan. In August 1992 a hung jury led U.S. District Judge Royce Lamberth to declare a mistrial in the case of Clair George who was accused of concealing from Congress his knowledge of the Iran-Contra affair. George had been named by Alan Fiers when Fiers turned state's evidence for Lawrence Walsh's investigation. In a second trial on charges of perjury, false statements and obstruction of justice, George was convicted of lying to two congressional committees in 1986. George faced a maximum five year federal prison sentence and a $20,000 fine for each of the two convictions. Jurors cleared George of five other charges including two counts of lying to a federal grand jury. Those charges would have carried a mandatory 10 months in prison upon conviction. Clair George received a blanket pardon for his crimes from President George Bush. Duane R. (Dewey) Clarridge was head of the CIA's Western European Division under President Reagan. He was indicted on November 29, 1991 for lying to congress and to the Tower Commission that investigated Iran- Contra. Clarridge was charged with five counts of perjury and two counts of making false statements for covering up his knowledge of a November 25, 1985 shipment of HAWK missiles to Iran. Clarridge was also suspected of diverting to the Contras weapons that were originally intended for the Afghan mujahaddeen guerrillas. Clarridge received a blanket pardon for his crimes on Christmas Eve 1992 from President George Bush. Environmental Protection Agency's favoritism toward polluters. Assistant administrator unduly influenced by chemical industry lobbyists. Another administrator resigned after pressuring employees to tone down a critical report on a chemical company accused of illegal pollution in Michigan. The deputy chief of federal activities was accused of compiling an interagency "hit" or "enemies" list, like those kept in the Nixon Watergate period, singling out career employees to be hired, fired or promoted according to political beliefs. Anne Gorscuh Burford resigned amid accusations she politically manipulated the Superfund money. Rita Lavelle was fired after accusing a senior EPA official of "systematically alienating the business community." She was later indicted, tried and convicted of lying to Congress and served three months of a six-month prison sentence. After an extensive investigation, in August 1984, a House of Representatives subcommittee concluded that top-level EPA appointees by Reagan for three years "violated their public trust by disregarding the public health and the environment, manipulating the Superfund program for political purposes, engaging in unethical conduct and participating in other abuses.". Neglected nuclear safety. A critical situation involving nuclear safety had been allowed to develop during the Reagan era. Immense sums, estimated at 200 billion or more, would be required in the 1990s to replace and make safe America's neglected, aging, deteriorating, and dangerous nuclear facilities. Savings & Loan Bail-out. Hundreds of billions of dollars were needed to bail out savings and loan institutions that either had failed during the deregulation frenzy of the eighties or were in danger of bankruptcy. Reckless airline deregulation. Deregulation of airline industry took too broad a sweep, endangering public safety. Additionally: Richard Allen, National Security adviser resigned amid controversy over an honorarium he received for arranging an interview with Nancy Reagan. Richard Beggs, chief administrator at NASA was indicted for defrauding the government while an executive at General Dynamics. Guy Flake, Deputy Secretary of Commerce, resigned after allegations of a conflict of interest in contract negotiations. Louis Glutfrida, Director of the Federal Emergency Management Agency resigned amid allegations of misuses of government property. Edwin Gray, Chairman of the Federal Home Loan Bank was charged with illegally repaying himself and his wife $26,000 in travel costs. Max Hugel, CIA chief of covert operations who resigned after allegations of fraudulent financial dealings. Carlos Campbell, Assistant Secretary of Commerce resigned over charges of awarding federal grants to his personal friends' firms. John Fedders, chief of enforcement for the Securities and Exchange Commission resigned over charges of beating his wife. Arthur Hayes, Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration resigned over illegal travel reimbursements. J. Lynn Helms, chief of the Federal Aviation Administration resigned over a grand jury investigation of illegal business activities. Marjory Mecklenburg, Deputy Assistant Secretary of the Department of Health and Human Resources resigned over irregularities on her travel vouchers. Robert Nimmo, head of the Veterans Administration resigned when a report criticized him for improper use of government funds. J. William Petro, U.S. Attorney fired and fined for tipping off an acquaintance about a forthcoming Grand Jury investigation. Thomas C. Reed, White House counselor and National Security Council adviser resigned and paid a $427,000 fine for stock market insider trading. Emanuel Savas, Assistant Secretary of HUD resigned over assigning staff members to work on government time on a book that guilty to expense account fraud and accepting kickbacks on government contracts. Charles Wick, Director of the U.S. Information Agency investigated for taping conversations with public officials without their approval.
Accounting - Job prospects? I'm currently doing a Bachelor of Commerce in accounting and I'm not quite sure about the future job prospects. There are so many areas within accountancy, I don't really know which I'd like to pursue. Basically I am interested in e-commerce, corporate finance and chartered accountancy. I'd like to become an associate chartered accoutant but I'm also interested in the field of e-commerce. If I choose to do chartered accountancy, I'll have to do a law paper and taxation which I'm sorta dreading. On the other hand, I love e-commerce and all the pre-requisites for it sound pretty good. So the question is ... which area would generate more $$? I don't want to make a mistake here...if i choose e-commerce, I'd probably love it but maybe the return wouldn't be very promising? On the other hand, being an associate chartered accountant might just be worth the dreaded prerequisites. I could become a full CA even! Any accountants on here? Advice please!! The indecision is killing me :(
whats wrong with this pic? Someone finally said it. How many are actually paying attention to this? There are African Americans, Mexican Americans, Asian Americans, Arab Americans, Native Americans, etc. And then there are just Americans. You pass me on the street and sneer in my direction. You Call me "White boy," "Cracker," "Honkey," "Whitey," "Caveman" .. And that's OK. But when I call you, Kike, Towel head, Sand-nigger, Camel Jockey, Beaner, Gook, or Chink ... You call me a racist. You say that whites commit a lot of violence against you, So why are the ghettos the most dangerous places to live? You have the United Negro College Fund. You have Martin Luther King Day. You have Black History Month. You have Cesar Chavez Day. You Have Yom Hashoah You have Ma'uled Al-Nabi You have the NAACP. You have BET. If we had WET (White Entertainment Television) .. We'd be racists. If we had a White Pride Day .. You would call us racists. If we had White History Month . We'd be racists. If we had any organization for only whites to "advance" OUR lives We'd be racists. We have a Hispanic Chamber of Commerce, a Black Chamber of Commerce, and then we just have the plain Chamber of Commerce. Wonder who pays for that? If we had a college fund that only gave white students scholarships ... You know we'd be racists. There are over 60 openly proclaimed Black Colleges in the US , yet if there were "White colleges" THAT would be a racist college. In the Million Man March, you believed that you were marching For your race and rights. If we marched for our race and rights, You would call us racists. You are proud to be black, brown, yellow and orange, and you're Not afraid to announce it. But when we announce our white pride .. You call us racists. You rob us, carjack us, and shoot at us. But, when a white police officer Shoots a black gang member or beats up a black drug-dealer running From the law and posing a threat to society . You call him a racist. I am proud. But, you call me a racist. Why is it that only whites can be racists? There is nothing improper about this e-mail. Let's see which of you are proud enough to send it on.
Did you know that President Thomas Jefferson ALSO waged war against Islamic Extremism? http://www.wallbuilders.com/resources/search/detail.php?ResourceID=151 Concerning the Koran/Quran of Thomas's that Keith Ellison used to be sworn into the 110th Congress
which website help me to get my management books for references? banking law and theory practise economics laws advertising and salesmanship e-commerce operation research
Are these the quotes of kooky conspiracy theorists or is conspiracy a reality of our government? These quotes by people in positions to know are quite revealing of the fact that we live in a world dominated by conspiracies among the well-connected and powerful wealthy elite. ----------------------- "In politics, nothing happens by accident. If it happens, you can bet it was planned that way." - Franklin D. Roosevelt “Since I entered politics, I have chiefly had men's views confided to me privately. Some of the biggest men in the United States —in the fields of commerce and manufacturing—are afraid of somebody. They know that there is a power somewhere so organized, so subtle, so watchful, so interlocked, so complete, so pervasive, that they had better not speak above their breath when they speak in condemnation of it.” - Woodrow Wilson “A financial element in the large centers has owned the government since the days of Andrew Jackson.” - Franklin Roosevelt “We are on the verge of a global transformation. All we need is the right major crisis and the nations will accept the New World Order.” - David Rockefeller “Today, America would be outraged if UN troops entered Los Angeles to restore order. Tomorrow they will be grateful! This is especially true if they were told that there was an outside threat from beyond, whether real or promulgated, that threatened our very existence. It is then that all people of the world will plead to deliver them from this evil. The one thing every man fears is the unknown. When presented with this scenario, individual rights will be willingly relinquished for the guarantee of their well-being granted to them by the world government.” - Henry Kissinger (Bilderburg Conference 1991 Evians, France) “Naturally the common people don't want war…but after all, it is the leaders of the country who determine policy, and it is always a simple matter to drag the people along, whether it is a democracy, or a fascist dictatorship, or a parliament, or a communist dictatorship…all you have to do is to tell them they are being attacked, and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger. It works the same way in any country.” Herman Goering ( One of Hitler's top men, during the Nuremberg Trials) The individual is handicapped by coming face to face with a conspiracy so monstrous he cannot believe it exists. - Edgar J Hoover We must strengthen the United Nations as a first step toward a World Government, patterned after our Own Government with a legislature, executive and judiciary and police. - Walter Cronkite In 1913, Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act. A few years later he wrote: I am a most unhappy man. I have unwittingly ruined my country. A great industrial nation is controlled by its system of credit. Our system of credit is concentrated. The growth of the nation, therefore, and all our activities are in the hands of a few men. We have come to be one of the worst ruled, one of the most completely controlled and dominated Governments in the civilized world no longer a Government by free opinion, no longer a Government by conviction and the vote of the majority, but a Government by the opinion and duress of a small group of dominant men. - Woodrow Wilson By the time you become the leader of a country, someone else makes all the decisions. You may find you can get away with Virtual Presidents, Virtual Prime Ministers, and Virtual Everything. - Bill Clinton The easiest way to gain control of the population is to carry out acts of terror. The public will clamor for such laws if the personal security is threatened. - Joseph Stalin The real rulers of Washington are Invisible and exercise power from behind the scenes. - Justice Felix Frankfurter - US Supreme Court Justice The real menace of our Republic is the invisible Government which like a giant Octopus, sprawls its slimy legs over our cities, states, and nation. - John F. Hylan - Mayor NYC 1918-1925 The real truth of the matter is, as you and I know that a financial element in the large centers has OWNED the Government of the U.S. since the days of Andrew Jackson." (History points to the last truly honorable and incorruptible American President as "Old Hickory") - FDR to Col. E. Mandell House 11/21/1933 "Give me control of a Nation's money and I care not who makes the laws." - Mayer Amschel Bauer (Rothschild) "The Trilateralist Commission is international ...(and)...is intended to be the vehicle for multinational consolidation of the commercial and banking interests by seizing CONTROL of the political government of the United States. The Trilateralist Commission represents a skillful, coordinated effort to seize COTROL and consolidate the four centers of power: Political - Monetary - Intellectual - and Ecclesiastical." - Barry Goldwater , U.S. Senator AZ. "With No Apologies" "We shall have World Government. Whether or not we like it. The only Question is whether World Government will be achieved by conquest or consent." - James Paul Warburg , Foreign agent for the Rothschild dynasty - Major Player in the Federal Reserve act scam / Feb. 17, 1950 speaking before the U.S. Senate. "We are grateful to the Washington Post, the NY Times, Time Magazine, and other great publications whose directors have attended our meetings, and respected their promises of discretion for almost 40 years. It would have been impossible for us to develop OUR PLAN for the world if we had been subjected to the lights of publicity during those years. But, the world is now more sophisticated and prepared to march towards a World Government. The supranational sovereignty of an intellectual ELITE and World Bankers is surely preferable to the national auto - determination practiced in past centuries." - David Rockefeller CFR Kingpin, Founder of the Trilateral Commission, NOW Godfather / June 1991 "The Technetronic era involves the gradual appearance of a more CONTROLLED society. Such a society would be dominated by ELITE, unrestrained by traditional values." - Zbigniew Brezhinsky , Advisor to 5 U.S. Presidents - Executive Director Trilateral Commission. "Between two Ages" "It is well enough that people of the nation do not understand our Banking and Monetary system, for if they did, I believe there would be a Revolution before tomorrow morning." - Henry Ford “We can't be so fixated on our desire to preserve the rights of ordinary Americans” - Bill Clinton 1993 “The interests behind the Bush Administration, such as the CFR, the Trilateral Commission – founded by Brzezinski for David Rockefeller – and the Bilderberg Group have prepared for and are now moving to implement open world dictatorship within the next five years.” - Dr. Johannes Koeppl – former official of the German Ministry for Defense and adviser to NATO. “We are on the verge of a Global transformation. All we need is the right major crisis and the nations will accept the New World Order.” - David Rockefeller "Democracy tends to ignore, even deny, threats to its existence because it loathes doing what is needed to counter them," explained Revel. "It awakens only when the danger becomes deadly, imminent, and evident. By then, either there is too little time left for it to save itself, or the price of survival has become crushingly high." - Jean Francois Revel "For more than a century, ideological extremists at either end of the political spectrum have seized upon well-publicized incidents to attack the Rockefeller family for the inordinate influence they claim we wield over American political and economic institutions. Some even believe we are part of a secret cabal working against the best interests of the United States, characterizing my family and me as 'internationalists' and of conspiring with others around the world to build a more integrated global political and economic structure - one world, if you will. If that's the charge, I stand guilty, and I am proud of it." - David Rockefeller, Memoirs , 2002 “Stop throwing the Constitution in my face! It's just a [expletive deleted] piece of paper!” - George Bush “Every time we do something, you tell me America will do this and will do that . . . I want to tell you something very clear: Don't worry about American pressure on Israel . We, the Jewish people, control America , and the Americans know it.” - Ariel Sharon , October 3, 2001 "I came to America because of the great, great freedom which I heard existed in this country. I made a mistake in selecting America as a land of freedom, a mistake I cannot repair in the balance of my lifetime." - Albert Einstein, 1947 "We have come to be one of the worst ruled, one of the most completely controlled and dominated Governments in the world - no longer a Government of free opinion, no longer a Government by conviction and vote of the majority, but a Government by the opinion and duress of small groups of dominant men." - Woodrow Wilson [U.S. President during World War I] "The U.S. must carry out some act somewhere in the world which shows its determination to continue to be a world power." - Henry Kissinger , post-Vietnam blues, as quoted in The Washington Post, April 1975 "I believe that banking institutions are more dangerous to our liberties than standing armies. If the American people ever allow private banks to control the issue of their currency, first by inflation, then by deflation, the banks and corporations that will grow up around [the banks] will deprive the people of all property until their children wake-up homeless on the continent their fathers conquered. The issuing power should be taken from the banks and restored to the people, to whom it properly belongs." -- Thomas Jefferson
Does this facts prove that greeks are stolling Macedonian history?? Macedonia and Alexander were never greeks? Documents of the Continued Existence of Macedonia and the Macedonian Nation for a period of over 2500 years What follows are documents that speak of the continued existence of Macedonia and of the Macedonian nation through the last 25 centuries. Macedonia is clearly distinguished from Greece (Hellas), Thrace, Illyria, Bulgaria, Serbia, and the Macedonians are likewise distinguished as distinct nation from the Greeks, Thracians, Illyrians, Bulgarians, Serbs, Albanians, as nation which continued to exist and survive trough the centuries (makedonika.org). 500 B.C. - 500 A.D. Macedonia and the Macedonians as distinct nation in the works of the ancient Greek, Roman, and Jewish historians, as well in the works of the modern German, French, English, American historians. 586 A.D. From the "Miracles of St. Demetrius of Salonika, I ": "...For if one was to imagine them in a heap, not only the Macedonians gathered in Salonika... Certainly he who inspired the Macedonians with courage..." Mirac. I, 13, p.1285-14; 1313 758-759 A.D. From the Chronographia of Theophanes the Confessor "That year Constantine plundered the Sclavinii throughout Macedonia and subjugated the rest." Theoph., I, p.430, 21-22. From the Chronographia Tripertita by Anastasius Bibliothecarius: "In the eighteenth year of his reign, Constantine enslaved the Sclavinii of Macedonia and he subjugated the rest." A. B., p.282, 20-21. 8th Century From Strabonos Epithomatus: "And now, in that way almost all of Epirus, Hellada, the Peloponnese and Macedonia have also been settled by the Skiti-Slavs." C. Muller, Geographi graeci minores, Paris 1882, p.574. 821-823 A.D. From the letter of Michael II to the honorable Ludwig: "Thomas...having gathered our barges and dromon, had the opportunity to arrive in (some) parts of Thrace and Macedonia." Mansi, Michaelis Belbi et Theophilii....Florentinae, 1759 904 From On the Capture of Salonika by John Cametinae: "...I introduce you to the same, the great and the first city of the Macedonians..." J.K. Begunov, Kozma Prezviter v slavjanskih literaturah, Sofia 1976, p. 297 First half of 10th C. From On the Themes by Constantine Porphyrogenitus: "... So from a kingdom Macedonia turned into a province and now it has reached the position of a theme and strategy." C. Porfirogenito, De thematibus, Citta del Vaticano, 1952. 986 From the History of Leo the Deacon: "...since they robbed the region of the Macedonians mercilessly, destroying all adults.". Leonis Diaconi Historiae, Paris 1864, p. 311. 1041 From the Annals of Bari: "...he had already written to Sicily from where the unfortunate Macedonians, Paulicians and Calbrians arrived." G.H. Pertz, Annales Barenses, Monumenta Germaniae historica, Scriptores V, p.53. 1064 From the Chronicle of John Zonaras: "The Uzians...invaded Macedonia and plundered it, and reached Hellada". Ioannis Zonorae Epitomae historiarum, Vol. VIII, Ed. Th. Buttner-Wobst, Bonnae 1897, p.678. 1072-1073 From the History of Necephorus Vryenius: "...for the Scythians were carrying out sudden attacks in Thrace and Macedonia." Nicephori Bryenii commentarii, Ed. A. Meicke, Bonnae 1836, p.100, 102. 1083-1085 From De expeditione Yerosolymitana by Radulfo Cadonis: "...Beomund Guiscard sailed across the Adriatic and occupied Macedonia." Tancredi in expeditione Yerosolymitana ....Paris, 1854, p.499. c. 1106 From the letter of Theophylactes of Ohrid to Gregorius Camaterus: "...do not retain such a man in the narrow regions of our Macedonia...". Theophylacti, col. 496, B-C. Beginning of 12th Century From the Byzantine satire Timarion: "The day of Saint Demetrius in (Salonika) is as great a festival as the Panathinei in Athens or Panionii in Miletus; it is a grand Macedonian celebration in which not only the Macedonian people gather, but people of all sorts and from all directions: Greeks from different regions of Hellada, the Mizian tribes...". Vizantiiski Vremenik, Moscow VI 1953, p. 367. 1185 "Woe, woe, the city of Salonika is captured, I say, the metropolis of the Macedonians." Ephraimi Chronologici caesares; Ed. J.P. Migne - PG 143 , Paris 1891, p.198. Beginning of 13th C. From the synod records of the Ohrid Archibishopric: "Ioannis Ierakar by birth Macedonian". J. Pitra, Analacta sacra et classica specilegio Solesmensi parta, t. VI Juris ecclesiastici graecorum selecta paralipomena. Parissis et Romae 1891, col. 315. 1246 Ser was one a large city, but the Bulgarian Ivan had demolished when besieging it and other Macedonian cities. Georgii Acropolitae Opera, Recensuit A. Haisenberg vol. I, Lipsiae 1903, p.74-75, 77 1282-1321 ...that king's alliance is certain and unanswering, just as long as he can settle near to Macedonia. While he was spending his time on these (matters), the protostrator Theodore Sinadinus, once freed from the West, arrived in Byzantium. He governed Prilep, the neighbouring regions and the lower Macedonian towns. Ioan Cantacuzeni Historiarum libri IV, Ed. J.P.Migne - PG Paris 1866, p.94 1305 At the battle of Apros in 1305 there were five syntaxeis, differentiated by ethnicity: the Alans and Tourkopouloi in the van, followed by the Macedonians, the Anatolians, the Vlach infantry and the Thelematarioi. The Late Byzantine Army. Mark C. Bartusis 1992. p.256 1326 ...I beleive you know that Strimon...is the largest of all those that biscet Thrace and Macedonia... Nicephore Gregoras, Correspondence. Paris 1927, p.30-50. Middle 14th C. ...Stefan became king of the Tribals. After he had set off from the region of the Ionian Sea, he razed Epidamnus to the ground, went into Macedonia and made Skopje the capital... The king left the city of Skopje, taking with him men experienced in battle and a strong army and subordinated to his rule the places in the vicinity of Kastoria. Then having moved camp, he subjugated all of Macedonia, except for Terma... Laonici Chalcocondiae Historiarum. Ed. J. P. Migne - PG t.CLIX (Paris, 1866) col. 36, B-37, C. 1349 (Code of) the honorable and Christ-loving Macedonian Tsar Stefan, Serbian, Bulgarian, Hungarian, Dalmation, Arbanasian, Hungarian Wallachian and indipendent ruler of many other regions and lands... Lj. Stojanovic, Stari srpski zapisi i natpisi. Knj. III, Beograd 1905, p. 41 (nbr.4949). Middle of the 14th C. A Slav inscription from the church of St. George at Upper Kozjak in which a man called Bratan signs himself as being from Macedonia. Z. Rosolkovska-Nikolovska, Crkvata Sv. Georgi vo Goren Kozjak vo svetlinata na novite ispituvanja - Zbornik "Kiril Solunski", Kn. I, Skopje, MANU 1970, p. 222. 15th C. I remember the great subordination under which the Turk holds the emperor in Constantinople and all the Greeks, Macedonians and Bulgarians....As I said earlier, there are many Christians who are forced to serve the Turk, such as Greeks, Bulgarians, Macedonians, Albanians, Esclavinians, Rasians and Serbians... Bertrand de la Brocuiere, Putovanje preko mora, Beograd 1950, p.134-135, 140-141. 13th Century - 15th Century Byzantine historians of the Palaiologan period (13th Century - 15th Century) rarely make any distinction more specific then "Thrace" and "Macedonia". Thus we read of the "Thracians" and "Macedonians", the "Thracian and Macedonian armies", the "army" or "forces from Thrace and Macedonia"… For these historians the border between the two areas was the Nestos River or Kavalla. To the west was Macedonia to the east was Thrace. The Late Byzantine Army. Mark C. Bartusis 1992. p.65 1461-1462 When the enemy forces are battered, no one doubts that the whole of Serbia, Bosnia, Macedonia, Epirus, Thessaly, Greece or Attica and the Peloponnese will return to the faithful....Inspired by this example the Thessalians, the Greeks, the Poloponnesians, the Epirans and the Macedonians will all rebel and will win ... Jovan Radonic, Gjurac Kastriot Skenderbeg i Arbanija u XV veku - Spomenik XCV (1942), p. 128-129. August 8th, 1470. The Sultan stopped and spent the night ...in afield that represented the Macedonian border...The River Vardar is nearby, which flows through Macedonia...of which some are Greeks, others Macedonians, Wallachs and even Italians, as well as other nations....Greeks and Macedonians live there... Gio Mario degli Angiolelo, A. Matkovski i P. Angelkova, Nekolku kratki patopisi za Makedonija, Glasnik na INI, VXI/1 (1972), p. 246-247. 1557 ...It is located in Thessaly, which borders on Macedonia, where the plague has reduced much of the population... Nbljudeni na mnozhestvo redki i zabelezhitelni neshta, videni v Grcija, Azija, Judea, Egipet, Arabia i drugi chuzhdi strani ot Pierre Belon d'Man, Sofia 1953, p.132-133; Frenski patepisi za Balkanite, XV-XVIII v. Sofia 1975, p. 95-98. 1566 ...called Jakov; I laboured for much time and many years for this work (in order to contribute) to the holy books. I came out of Macedonia, my fatherland, and I entered.... Lj. Stojanovich, Stari srpski zapisi i natpisi I, p. 203-204. 1579 German ruler Rudolph II to the Pope: ..the deliverer of this letter, don Petar Crnovic...born in Salonika and the other parts of Macedonia... A. Theiner, Vitera monumenta Slavorum meridionalium illustrantia. II. Zagrabiae 1875, p. 70. 1589 Gavril, Archbishop of Ohrid to Archduke Ferdinand of Habsburg: ...the Turk, who from day to day has pursued and blackmailed us and our ancestors ....in the whole of Macedonia, Greece and the nearby countries...then among our countries we have Bulgaria, Serbia, Macedonia, Oltenia... Landesregierungsarchive - Innsbruck, VI 50. 1593 Project by Alexander Komulovic to expel the Ottomans from the Balkans ...In other parts of Epirus and Macedonia almost all are Christians of the Greek ritual... Biblioth. Barberiana cod. mnc. LVIII, 33, - Starine (Zagreb), Knj. XIV (1882), p. 86-87. August 11th, 1607 The Duke of Savoy, Charles Emmanuel I, sends his own man of trust to Macedonia. ...who had arrived from Albania and Macedonia... V. Makrusev, Istoriski spomenici Juznih Slovena i okolnih naroda, Beograd 1882, p. 297-299. April 6-24, 1618 (Senato Secreta. 337. Macedonia) ...The nobility of Macedon do not wish to have anything to do with the king of Spain... Calendar of State Papers and Manuscripts relating to English Affairs existing in the Archives and Collections of Venice and other libraries in Northern Italy, London 1864, Vol XV, p. 201-202. 1624 A letter from Pope Urban VIII to the Archbishop of Ohrid, Porphyrius Palaelogus To the respected brothers Porphyrius Paleologus, Patriarch of Justiniana Prima of Ohrid and the other subordinate archbishops, bishops of Bulgaria, Serbia, Albania and of the other side of Macedonia. A. Theiner, Vetera monumenta Slavorum II, (Zagrebiae 1875), p. 123. 1690 Manifesto of the Austrian Emperor Leopold I to the Nations of the Balkans ...Therefier we kindly call all the people who live throughout Albania, Servia, Mysia, Bulgaria, Silistria, Illyria, Macedonia and Rashka... J. Radonjic and M. Kostic, Srpske privilegije od 1690 do 1792. SAN, Posebna izdanja CCXXV, Beograd 1954, p. 26-27. April 26th, 1690 Letter of protection from Leopold I. ...This is to inform you that two Macedonians, Marko Kraida born in Kosana and Dimitri Georgi Popovic, born in Macedonian Salonika, have told us that the Macedonian people, with respect for our most righteous task, with devotion and zeal towards our service....we graciously accept them under our imperial and royal mercy and in any case and way the above mantioned Macedonian people, cordially recommending to each and all of our willing commanders not to attack the Macedonian people....Issued in Vienna, April 26th, 1690. Representatives: defenders of the Macedonian people.... J. Radonic, Prilozi za istoriju Srba u Ungarskoj u XVI, XVII and XVIII veku. Knj. I, Matice srpske, nbr 25 and 26, Novi Sad 1908, p. 52-53. 1704 The French treveller and writer Paul Luca on Macedonia ...and hour after midnight for Kavalla, which is six miles away and once was a large Macedonian city by the sea coast. We should note that almost all the villages in Macedonia are full of Christians and there are few Turks. A. Matkovski and P. Angelakova, Patuvanjata na francuskiot petepisec Pol Luka niz Makedonija od 1704 do 1714-Istorija v/2 (1969). p. 101. End of 18th C. Reports by the French Consul in Salonika, Felix de Beaujour, about Macedonia. The pashalik of Salonika includes the whole of Lower Macedonia and covers 700 sq. miles....it must be noted that here I am only speaking about the most populated part of Macedonia; since Upper Macedonia and Epirus are less populated....In Macedonia, as in Poland, the peasants die from hunger, while the masters live in abundance of gold... Felix de Beaujour, Voyage militaire dans l'Empire Othoman, I, Paris 1829, p. 127-128. n.1; p.130, 132. 1821 Macedonians pertecipate in the Romanian uprising ...At that time there was a man they called Sludzar Todor who urged all the foreigners (mostly Macedonians) to rebel against the boyar... Marko K. Cepenkov, Makedonsko narodno tvoreshtvo, Kn. X, Skopje 1972, p.308 1846 ...I learnt the Slav alphabet from my father Makedonski, who calls himself so because we are Macedonians, and not Greeks.... Georgija Makedonski, Bogosluzhbena kniga "Opshti minej" - vo crkvata vo s. Radibush, Kriva Palanka, posledna nepagirana stranica. 1851 Bulgarian Comments on the language of J.H. Dzinot ...May the inhabitants of Skopje and those who speak similarly forgive me, but they do not understand our language and cannot speak either... "Bolgarski", Tsarigradski Vestnik, nbr. 55 (6.X.1851, p. 19). 1858 Education in Veles ....Archbishop Antim declared to his peers that all peoples have been enlightened by the Greeks and so it is necessary that Greek should be taught in the schools of Veles, and not Macedonian, since the children alrady know their own language from their home... J. N. Iz Velesa u Makedoniji: Srbski Dnevnik, nbr. 44 (1858) (according to Branislav Vraneshevic, Vojvodinska javnost, p. 320-321). 1865 A note from the priest Demetrius: In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, I, priest Demetrius, was born in the village of Ogut, in the Kriva Palanka region. and held the services in my native village, when in the year of our Lord 1848, the champions of the town of Kriva Palanka employed me as a priest against the will of His Grace, the Greek priest Kir Gavrail. Mr. Mikhail Makedonski interceded most in favor of my appointment, because I'm a Macedonian by birth and hold the services in the Slav language. Such was the Fate of my fatherland Macedonia, to suffer from the Greeks, so that they will not give us peace even today, although everyone knows that Macedonia is an older state then their kingdom. We had our own Slav educators, Cyril and Methodius, who left us our Slav alphabet. They were Macedonians born in Salonika, the glorious capital of Macedonia. Our Greek bishop does not admit this, so we do not want him to be our priest, but we want to have our own arch-priest, a Slav, for time everlasting. Amen. Zapis vo knigata Zitie Svetih vo Krivopalaneckata crkva. Pretposledna nepagirana strana. January 28, 1867 To the Editor of "Makedonija" newspaper: ...The Greeks and the greacomans have met the newspaper with sorrow, since they always tried to hellenize the Macedonians, destroying also the Archibishopric of Ohrid -The Spark of Our Future. Yet, however hard they have tried to stop us from making progress, they could not entirely uproot the feelings of the Macedonians that they are Macedonians. T.I. Kusev, Makedonija, Istanbul, Nbr. I (1/28/1867) March 25, 1870 ...lets us consider those of the present Macedonians who blinded by concealed glow of Hellenic wisdom, accept that they should scorn and revoke their own nationality...the time seems opportune for me to exclaim:Ah, how far away the time really is when Hellas, as everybody calls her today, was subjected to Macedonian authority... Stefan Zahariev, Chitalishte, Istanbul, I/7, 1871, p.214-216. November 30, 1870 ...A teacher named Mr. Shapkarevic...has come to visit me...the same day the books you had sent me...arrived. But as soon as he saw them he said that they should not be taught in the Macedonian schools, since they were in the Bulgarian dialect; and that we should take his books which are in the Macedonian dialect... Pravo of 10/30/1870 (according to B. Koneski, Kon Makedonskata prerodba, p.68). February 1874 A letter from P.R. Slaveykov to the Bulgarian Exarch: Your Grace, I arrived in Salonika on the evening of the 14th of last month (January 1874). I immediately went to meet all the important local people and some others from the other Macedonian towns. My aim was to gather information as son as possible on what was to be necessary for the succes of the mission with which you had entrusted me. I first met Father Averkij Zografski, and the following day Father Petar Dimitrov as well, the local president of the community. I may inform you, Your Grace, that the wind from here, from Salonika, blows and scatters to all sides. These two clergyman, to my mind, are the leaders of the movement fot the restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, although one should not neglect Ohrid and to certain extent Bitola, Veles and Skopje either. The Uniate movement here is not without roots, as they think in Constantinople, especially His Grace, Count Ignatiev. During the time I have been in Macedonia I have ascertained the same we had formerly known and written three years ago. Now, as then or twenty years ago, we are dealing with the Macedonian question. In talks with few Macedonian "patriots" I have understood that this movement, which had been only bare words till a few years ago, is now clear and precise thought - "The Macedonians are not Bulgarians" and they persistenly strive, regardless of the price, to obtain a separate church of their own. They also have the support in their separatism of smoe high clergyman in Constantinople, especially His Grace Nathaniel Ohridski, Panariot Plovdivski, and Archimandrite Hariton Karpuzov. I have understood this month from reliable sources that there are letters which arrive every day from Constantinople to the Salonika community, and are then sent to the other communities in the provinces. The letters are written in this spirit. One such letter, which the Salonika community sent to the community of Voden, calls upon the inhabitants of Voden to break off all their relations with theExarchate until the Macedonian Church question is settled, because "now is the moment". Mr. Kuzman Shapkarev from Ohrid, who is well known to us, has done a great deal to spread the idea of the restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid; he consatnly travels between Kukish and Ohrid and v.v., but at whose expanse, I do not know. Mr. Dimitar Makedonski, "the Macedonian textbook writer", is no less active, reciving salary as a teacher from the Exarchate and from local Lazarists. Owing to such unreasonable sermons by the Macedonian patriots that the church question has been settled only in favor of the Bulgarians, there is discontent among the people towrds the eparchies of th4 Danube and Adrianople vilayets as well as envy because of the earlier awakening of the Bulgarians. One can especially feel a great resistance against the East Bulgarian variant in literature. A general impression is that the local people think that the Macedonians have been done a great harm with the settlement of the church question in favor of the Danubian and Thracian Bulgarians. This discontent has already grown into distrust of the Exarchate and its higher echalons. and there is an attitude formed that the local Macedonian dialect should be declared a literary language and a Macedonian hiearchy established. Great attention, Your Grace, should be paid to His Grace Nathaniel, who promised the local people taht as soon as he comes to his eparchy he will take steps for the restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid. He seems to be connected with the Macedonian craftsman in Constantinople, among whom he spreads the news about the agreement with the Patriarchate. For their own part they inform their own people in Macedonia about this. It causes great discontent here. Consequently, separatism has its roots in the secret circle of Constantinople. If you press them there, the commotion wil calm down here. Silence the trumpet, there won't be any echo! The question of Father Nil is a highly delicate one, because he has barricaded himself in Kukush and does not want to return. His ambition seems to have made him to this. He stuffed his head with the thought of becoming the Archbishop of Ohrid ar at least Metropolitan of Salonika. As an Exarchate delegate he spreads the news about the agreement with the Patriarchate as the " most informed person". He decribes the Exarchate to the people as indifferent and passive in saving the Macedonian population from Greek spiritual slavery. Father Nil, who proved to be completely immature, seems to be a hireling of the highest Turkish vilayet authorities. However, his disobidiance to his headquarters began at the moment when he was summoned to return to Constantinople. Instead of obeying orders, he remained waiting there. His disobidiance also comes as a result of the suggestions that have been arriving from Constatinople. He maintains constant relations with Bishop Panaret and Nathaniel especially with the latter, who has suggested he stay in Macedonia until he gets an appointment for Ohrid and arrives in Macedonia. I think that Father Nil should be cast out of Macedonia at any cost and sent to Constatinople, because he is dangerous here. He already acts under the protection of the local Lazarists and the French consul. Thoughts of the restoration of the Archbishop of Ohrid at the moment are most prevalent here, in Salonika. Here the schemes are being devised and here the hotheads are gathering. These thoughts of course are not based upon mature foundation, especially since Midhat-Pasha has been dismissed from Salonika. But they are gradually spreading to northern Macedonia, although they are not very clear. Some say one thing to the people and others say another. There is danger, if steps are not taken from spme authoritative place, of creating a genral ideal. Then the consequences would be much more serious. The best thing would be if His Grace, Count Ignatiev, were to visit Macedonia, because the population feels a secret hope thet only Russia could help them. Tomorrow, with Gos's help, I intend to meet some of the elders from the local community. I shall try to convince them of the groundlessnes of their aspirations for a separarte Church when they already have one in the form of the Exarchate. Certainly the most difficult question will be that of the appointment of bishops of Macedonian origin and especially that of the cheirotonia of Father Hariton. I kiss Your Grace's right hand. Salonika, Fabruary 1874. Your obedient P.R. Slaveykov Another letter from P.R. Slaveykov: Your Grace, I sent you a letter via a trustworthy man two days ago, in which I briefly described to you the situation in Salonika and Macedonia in connection with the unreasonable movement for the restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid in union with the Roman Catholic Church. After the meeting with some of the local elders I have understood that there were everywhere wide discussions for a broader plan, namely, to create a Uniate Church in Macedonia. According to reliable sources, only the cheirotonia of Father Hariton is awaited before action will be taken. Until the blessing of the Pope for the proclamation of the Uniate Archbishopric of Ohrid arrives, the bishops with their eparchies will be constituent apart of the Uniate Church with their seat in Adrianople. Then Father Nathaniel will be appointed Archbishop of Ohrid and the following appointments will be made in the eparchies: Father Panaret for the Pelagonia eparchy, Brother Kozma Prechistenski for the Debar eparchy, Father Nil Izvorov for the Salonika eparchy and Father Dorotej for the Skopje eparchy. The other eparchies, for which there are no candidates proposed, will temporarily be governed by the neighboring archpriests. Father Nil will be Bishop of Salonika, Kukush and Voden. Father Hariton, after his ordination, will also become bishop of the Serez and Melnik eparchies. Father Dionisij, as an archimandrite, will temporarily govern the Strumica eparchy. I have personal impression, Your Grace, that nobody here is asking for a real union with the Roman Catholic Church. It is simply a means of restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid. Catholic circles also feel this and therefore have no great confidence in the people with whom they are negotiating. So I do not think it is too late to actin order to overcome the discontent, which later could be subdued. The Uniate movement is more dangerous in the places where formerly there was a Union because of similar reasons. Kukush comes in the first place, followed by Dojran with sympathy from Strumica, Maleshevo and Voden. The Salonika, Serez, Melnik and Drama villages lag behind them. There is not any powerful stirring of the Uniate propaganda indeed, but where there is smoke there must be fire. The appointment of Bishop Nil is expected for the fire to blaze forth. The Poljanin eparchy will immediately turn into a Union and the Strumica and Voden eparchies will join in, as well as a huge number of villages in Salonika, Drama, Serres and other eparchies. The other Macedonian eparchies will certainly be shattered, too, first the Veles eparchy and then the Skopje one. The Veles eparchy is also dissatisfied with its bishop, Damaskin, while at the same time the citizens of Veles, aroused by a craving for power, believe that they should govern Macedonia in religious matters. The causes of such a situation in the whole of Macedonia are very obvious. The Macedonian eparchies and towns I have already mentioned are extremely embittered by the serious position of the Church and the people in which they find themselves. The spreading of the idea of restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid upon an Uniate basis is also helped by the French and Austrian consuls, who promise full protection before the Turkish authorities and persecution of the Constantinople Patriarchate. The Greeks themselves indirectly help the spreading of the Union in Macedonia, expecting the Exarchate to become weak because of the Union and thus finding allies in the liquidation of the Catholic propaganda in Macedonia. I have concluded this from the talks I had with the Greek consul in Salonika. He was not in the least worried at the danger of the spread of the Union in Macedonia. On the contrary, Greece is seeking support for its economic and national activity in Macedonia. According to the opinion of the Greek consul, the part of the people who will not accept the Union, disillusioned with the Exarchate, will remain under the jurisdiction of the Patriarchate. In the talks I had it was not by chance that the agents and adherents of the Union mentioned that the "Macedonian question" could only be settled through the Union. In order to make full use of the discontent and bitterness of the people against the Exarchate, they strengthen their accusation against the Exarchate. They speak about the Macedonian question upon a religious basis, but at the same time stir up the old separatist trends among the Macedonians - to create a new ethnic region through the Union - in the spirit of Midhat-Pasha's schemes. As the Roman Catholic agents worked out a cultural and national program for the Union in 1860 for the liberation of the Bulgarian people from the Patriarchate, they now also appear with a specific program for the spiritual and national liberation of the Macedonian eparchies through the Union. The Macedonian activists already widely use the expression the Macedonian movement in their language of communication, by which one should understand independent national and church liberation. I must emphasize strongly, Your Excellency, that this is a factor of an important political character - separatism is being spread starting from a religious basis towards a broader national one. After the talks I had with Father Petar Dimov I felt that he has slowly retired from being drawn into the Union. Today he has officially renounced the Union and sent a letter to You expressing his loyalty to the Exarchate. I also talked to Father Averkij. He told me that he would also withdraw from the movement if appointments for the Exarchate bishops were issued by the autumn. My attitude towards these two Church dignitaries was moderate and friendly, because any repressive measures could stir up spirits. .... Your spiritual child P.R. Slaveykov S. Dimevski, Dve pisma na P. R. Slaveykov za makedonizmot. - Razgledi XIV, 5(1972), p.561-566 April 6, 1878 in Salonika To the Right Honorable Austen Henry Layard "...Russian agents are busy in the country, and even here, trying to get petitions that the whole of Macedonia be included in Bulgaria... They tell the people: If you remain out, your state (and you see what it is) will be worse then it was before, while if you attach yourselves to us and our cause, you will get all the benefits accruing to a large and powerful Kingdom, under Russian protection... I remain... Edward B. Barker British Museum, London, Dmss Layard Papers, Vol. LXXXIX Addd. 39.019, 186-187. 1878 From the record of the Imperial Russian secret archives on the arrangement and government of the Balkan regions. ...Count Shuvalev demands that all the necessary measures for pacification of Macedonia be undertaken. For its purpose, it would be desirable to send competent agents there, and to proclaim to the Macedonians on behalf of the Governor, the Emperor, that His Highness is concerned about their fate, as much as for the other Slavs, and they will be granted the same freedom as that of the Bulgarians, now already liberated.... Dokumenti iz sekretnite arhivi na Ruskoto pravitelstvo. Sofia 1893, p.11-12. 1878 The rules of the Macedonian Rebel Commitee of the Kresna Uprising It is well known to all of us that this ill-fated country of ours, Macedonia, owing to the egoistic aims of the Great Powers, was gain left to Turkey after the Congress of Berlin. As a result of that, in certain regions of our fatherland many scenes full full of blood, known to all of us, took place....We rebelled as advocates of freedom. With the blood we shed all over Macedonian fields and forests, we serve freedom, as the Macedonian army of Alexander of Macedon did, with our slogan "Freedom or Death!" The aim of the Uprising in Macedonia 1.The uprising in Macedonia...should be extended all over Macedonia. 2. Those people from Macedonia who feel themselves to be Macedonians and love the freedom of their fatherland are taking part in the uprising. From the private archives of Cyril, Patriarch of Bulgaria, Arch. of Act 2341, AE 50, pp. 30-61. The Residence of the monastery of Dragolevci, Sofia, P.R. Bulgaria. June 8, 1879 Georgi Pulevski to Despot Badzovic: ...The Bulgarians here are playing tricks with us and are turning the water to their mill alongside divine Nathaniel, who is a Macedonian, but rather inclined towards the Bulgarians... Arhiv Srbije (Beograd) Fond: Ministarstvo prosvete, P. nbr. 981/8.VI.1879; Razgledi XIV/10 (1972), p. 1132. March 23, 1881 Manifesto of the Provisional Government of Macedonia: ...our dear Macedonia, our dear homeland is calling upon you: you who are my faithful children, you who are descendants of Aristotle and Alexandar the Great, you in whose veins Macedonian blood flows, do not let me die, but help me!... President Vasil Chomo, Secretary Nikola Trajkov in Kjustendil Centralnii Gosudartsvenii Arhiv Okjabarskii revoljucii i socialtieskoga stroitelstva SSSR, Moskva - Fond Gr.Ignatieva No.730 - opis No. 1, ed.hr.79; Lj. lape, Odbrani tekstovi za istorijata na makedonskio narod, II del, Skopje 1976, p.256-258. May 9, 1888 Salonika. Temko Popov to Despot Badzovic ...I shall try to write to you, as far as possible, in our language, replacing the words I don't know with Bulgarian ones. What else can I do, Despot? While our language could one dictate to the other Slav languages, it has now remained the poorest of all, and like a begger, it serves either Bulgarian or Serbian....Let us no lie to ourselves, Despot, tha national spirit in Macedonia has reached such a stage today that even if Jesus Christ had come to the Earth, he would not have been able to persuade the Macedonian that he was a Bulgarian or a Serb, excepting those Macedonians in whom Bulgarian propaganda has already taken root. In order to convince yourself of this, you must have Bulgarianism in view. Bulgarian propaganda has now been working for 20 years in Macedonia, in the blindest of times - when Hellenism, coming from and entirely alien nation, started to take root in the Macedonian heart; but the Macedonians, seeing a ray of Slavism, rejected everything as if eyeless, without paying attention to the difference. It was sufficient for them to have broken with Hellenism. But what is to be done now i.e. after twenty years of Bulgarian striving, indoctrination and unsparing pecuniary sacrifaces? My dear Despot, everybody does what is natural, but unexpected for the Bulgarians, that is, now every Macedonian admits he is not a Bulgarian and declares loudly his nation, even though he may stilluse Bulgarian means, not having his own, of course. ... Your friend T. Popov Narodna Biblioteka, Belgrade - fond - Jovan Hadzi Vasiljevic II 413/III May 9 1988. 1890 A request by the citizens of Ohrid for the restoration of the Archbishopric of Ohrid To His Holiness, the Great Patriarch, Constantinople, We, loyal subjects to His Majesty, the Emperor Sultan Abdul Hamid II, for a long time did not have freedom for our Church, and since 1872 have become an even more misled flock, for we came under the Bulgarian Exarchate, deceived by Bulgarian propaganda. Thus we became schismatics, as well. ...Apart from the fact that Bulgarians deceived and beguiled us, they also reject our language, change our holy customs and alter our character, too. We cannot tolerate it any more and we do not want our children to curse us and the graves of our forefathers... (signatures of 120 citizens of Ohrid) DA DSIP - Beograd - PPO, F.7, d.6, p.br. 962, 1890. June 22, 1891 Skopje Theodosius, Metropolitan of Skopje, to Archimandrite Dionysius in Sofia. ...our Holy Exarchate headed by His Holiness Exarch Joseph I does everything possible to persuade the wretched Macedonian people that it has good intentions, that it cares for their present and future and that it wants to draw them out of the darkness of national unawareness and create holy Bulgarians of them. But I would not have to persuade you too long, my dearest brother in Christ, that our Holy Exarchate, with its religious and educational activity here, in Macedonia, in fact carries out a most miserable task, it deprives a people of its name and replaces it with another, it deprives them of their mother tongue and replaces it with another, alien one, in order to allow its government and its Bulgarian masters to extend their commerce to foreign territories, too. And what else would you call this, my dear brother, other then a new slavery, even more terrible then the Turkish one? The Turks take the property and the lives of the people, but do not encroach upon their spirit. They destroy the body but respect the soul. And our Holy Exarchate kills the latter, the perpetual... I have written this to you, so that you would not be amazed by my previous letter in which I stated my opinion that we clergyman, Macedonians in origin, should unite and urge our people to awaken, throw off foreign authority, throw off even the Patriarchate and the Exarchate, and spiritually unified under the wing of the Archbishopric of Ohrid, their only true Mother Church. Is it not high time to put an end to the national movements of a single people among which some recognize the Patriarchate, some the Exarchate and some even bow to Mohammed? Is it not high time to put an end to hatred between blood brothers? And how could this be achieved if not by the way of our national Church , by way of the Archbishopric of Ohrid? I shall be sincere, my dear brother in Christ, and shall openly declare to you: we, the Macedonians, to not suffer as much by the Turks, long live our Padishah, as by the Greeks, the Bulgarians and the Serbs, who have set upon us like vultures upon a carcass in this tortured land and want to split it up. ("And they parted Your garments, Jesus")..... ...Theodosius of Skopje Centralen D'rzhaven istoricheski archiv (Sofia) 176, op. 1. arh.ed. 595, l.5-42 - Razgledi, X/8 (1968), p.996-1000. December 4, 1891 Theodosius, Metropolitan of Skopje, to Pope Leo XIII I, the undersigned Metropolitan of Skopje, Theodosius, by God's Mercy head of Skopje eparchy, am submitting this request both in my name and in the name of of the whole Orthodox flock of Macedonia, in which we are begging His Holiness to accept us under the wing of the Roman Catholic Church...Our desire springs from the historical right of the Orthodox Macedonian people to be freed from the jurisdiction of foreign Churches - the Bulgarian Exarchate and the Constantinople Patriarchate - ....The borders of the Archbishopric should conform to the present borders of Macedonia... Archivio della S. Congregazione de Propaganda Fide - Roma: Indice della Potenza - Marzo 1892-93, Somm.XV, f.132-141. August 20, 1892 Serbian Consul in Bitola, Dimitrije Bodi, to Minister of Foreign Affairs, Vladan Djordjevic, in Belgrade. I have to inform you, dear Sir, that some intellectualist movement among the local teachers has recently appeared in the town of Kostur, which insists upon rejection of Greek and Bulgarian propaganda, and the introduction of the Macedonian dialect as the language of teaching in the schools. This initiative has in fact been started....If you are interested in these matters, Sir, please answer me with a ciphered telegram. DA - DSIP. P odd.I red 278 (1892). August 26, 1892 Serbian Consul in Bitola, Dimitrije Bodi, to Minister of Foreign Affairs, Vladan Djordjevic, in Belgrade. ....I have heard from my own people that the local community at its meeting of 22nd Auguts this year, decided that the teaching in the new 1892/1893 school year should be done in the Macedonian dialect. The town teachers were given the task of working a program for the language teaching and a provisional grammar of the Macedonian dialect.... DA - DSIP. P odd.I red 278 (1892). 1890 Karl Hron: "The Nationality of the Macedonian Slavs": ...From my own studies of the Serbo-Bulgarian dispute I came to the conviction that the Macedonians are an individual nation, both by their history and their language; thus, they are neither Serbs nor Bulgarians... Karl Hron, Das Volksthum der Slaven Makedoniens, Wien 1890, S. 4-5, 15-17, 20, 22,26 1896 Paul Argyriades (A French socialist born in Macedonia): ...Present day Macedonia is one of the European provinces of the Turkish Empire. It borders on the south with Epirus, Thessaly and the Mediterranean, on the east with Thrace and the Mediterranean, on the north with Mount Hemus, Bulgaria and Serbia and with Albania on the west....Macedonia, as the homeland of the two greatest personalities of the Ancient World - Aristotle and Alexander the Great, who conquered the world. should it anew conquer its independence and its autonomy?...And if an autonomous Macedonian administration were to be introduced in this land in ten years only, it would be the earthly paradise of the world...The small states - the Greek, Bulgaria and Serbian ones -argue for the acquisition of Macedonia, using all kinds of proofs - chauvinist and historical - invented in support of their interests, while no one seems to realize that if the historical truth were to be respected, Macedonia should rather have the right to possess all those countries, which would like to devour it, since once it governed and ruled them itself....The Macedonians do not want the kind of caresses which may strangle them. They want to remain Macedonians without any other epithet, guarding for themselves their beautiful Macedonia... Almanach de la Question Sociale. Illustre'. (Paris), Pour 1896, pp. 240-244. 1897 From "Maleshevski Balkan" journal: At Least Do Not Hinder Us There is hardly any harsher situation then that of the Macedonian cause. Aroused by sympathy, feelings and tradition to maintain always the closest links with its direct neighbors, the Bulgarians, Serbs, and others, today it surprises us most mercilessly and makes us repent. Nobody, undoubtedly nobody, would deny the justification of our hopes in the Bulgarians and the Serbs, as people who stand closest to us, as people with the same past as ours, etc. ... From "Maleshevski Balkan", Sofia, I, 16, 1 (1897). 1897 William Gladstone ...Next to the Ottoman Govt. nothing can be more deplorable and blameworthy then jealousies between Greek and Slav, and plans by the States already existing for appropriating other territory. Why not Macedonia for Macedonians, as well as Bulgaria for Bulgarians and Servia for Servians. And if they are small and weak, let them bind themselves together for defence, so that they may not be devoured by others, either great and small, which would probably be the effect of their quarreling among themselves. The Times (London), 6th January 1897, p.12 1898 Petar Mandzukov to Kostadin Kirkov ...Perhaps our slavery would not have been so difficult if various kinds of propaganda had not interfered in our affairs, which under the name of "brothers" and "benefactors" divide brothers from brothers and make the Turks commit the worst of crimes. Those "brothers" of ours do everything possible to prevent the unity of our freedom-loving forces. And what has been the result of such propaganda? Even the true sons of our country, those whoa re really not afraid to sacrifice their lives at the altar of our Fatherland, often wrongly think that the liberation of Macedonia could not be conceived without the interference of this or that state. They go over to the side of this or that people and forget their own people. Instead of uniting their forces in favor of their own people and striving in unison to liberate it from bondage, they cannot agree whom they should serve. We know, Kostadin, that our fatherland differs by its population from one Bulgaria, Greece or Serbia, which are homogenous countries. There are various nationalities and religions in our country. There are Macedonians, Greeks, Wallachians, Turks, Jews, Albanians, even a few Armenians. and let us not forget the Gypsies.... CDIA (Sofia), f.70, on., AE70-74; - Razgledi, X/7 (1968), p.847-851 1900 A. Brutus (A. Drandar): Concerning a movement in Macedonia A considerable section of the European press does not cease to inform us of the immense sufferings undergone by the Christian population of Macedonia....It was the sad fate of that population that made us publish this booklet, based upon our experience and personal observations I had acquired impartially, as a foreigner, during my stay in Macedonia of several years...If one takes a retrospective view of the history of Macedonia to the most ancient of times, one remains amazed by the great role this small country, this classical country par excellance, played in the world....The Macedonian, born in a land to which nature was so favorable, has always longed for heroic feats and aspired to great deeds...Even the glorious cradle of Ancient Hellenism is subjected to the Macedonian kings...We find Macedonians on the Byzantine throne at the time when this empire was at its peak. Following the course of history, we see how the star of Macedonia shone with the same intensity. It plays the chief role in the revival of the Slav people. Thus, the two brothers exalted to apostles, Cyril and Methodius, objects of general admiration for the Slav world, are Macedonians, and owing to the very existence of these two apostles, this small land becomes the cradle of the Slav people to whom it gives its religion and art...The inhabitants of Macedonia do not want to be annexed either to Bulgaria or Serbia, or Greece; they want, they want so strongly, to live a human life in an autonomous country. Their slogan is: Macedonia to the Macedonians. A. Brutus, A Propos d'un Mouvement en Macedonie, Bruxelles 1900, pp.12-13, 15, 56. 1901 A.V. Amfiteatrov: The Land of Discord Each Slav should and is obliged to feel sympathy for Macedonian freedom. But Macedonian freedom cannot be achieved with their own, Macedonian means. The land is too small and weak to fight against the power of Constantinople, which only has to give a sign and tens of thousands of soldiers will attack the Rumalian vilayets and strangle them like mice before Europe could compose itself, even before Europe could know it. Hence, Macedonia cannot be freed with its own forces. Only an evil enemy, an unconscious enemy of Slavism could desire an armed movement in Macedonia now when the land is totally unprepared for an uprising, in circumstances of tied hands of the whole Europe, of Serbo-Bulgarian clashes, of huge preparations of the Turks against the slightest possibilities of movement. Or a real fool. These were the exact words of one of the high-ranking persons deciding the fate of Balkan Slavism in a discussion with me concerning the Macedonian committees. Nobody in Europe, none of the Great Powers can actively intercede in favor of the Macedonians against the Turks at the present moment - except, perhaps, Austria. Bu the very name of Austria causes panic in the Macedonian Slav element, who will allow Austria to reign in Macedonia? For it would be the destruction of all ideas of pan-Slavism, it would be the end of the Eastern Question, it would be the decisive and last victory of the German world over the Slav world. Then, we the Russians, would only be humbly left to falling out of step with that state with the projected historical tasks, with the repudiation of racial ideals - a state similar to modern Italy or Spain, only in greater proportions. The young Slav states, adjacent to Macedonia, are too young and too poor to go into struggle for it. At the same time, these states are disintegrating both from the internal situation and external family hostilities. The Bulgarians and the Serbians cannot stand each other; each consider Macedonia as their lawful property. Neither the Bulgarians nor the Serbs have even the slightest desire to create Macedonia for Macedonia. Enthusiast for an autonomous Macedonia can only be found among the Macedonian natives. Neither the Serb nor the Bulgarian wants the autonomy of Macedonia. As far as the question of whether Macedonia should become Bulgarian or Serbian is concerned, every Bulgarian would tell you with utter sincerity: -It would be better that the Turks ruled there eternally then to give the Serbs a chance to spread towards the Aegean Sea. And the Serb would say: - It would be better that the Turks did there whatever they allow your damned brothers to achieve their Greater Bulgaria from one sea to the other! The question of nationality has not been settled in Macedonia and it is hard to assume that it will ever be settled in a satisfactory manner. If we are to believe Gopcevic and Jasterbov there are almost no Bulgarians - all of the are Serbs. If we are to believe Ofejkov and Miljukov, there are no Serbs, all of them are Bulgarians. It is more probable that where we are dealing with a perfectly branch of Slavs, transitional between the Bulgarians and the Serbs. But that branch taken alone is insufficiently significant to win its freedom and turn itself into a state unit. Consequently, no matter how the question of its nationality is resolved, it is deprived of the possibility to exist, so to say; it is cursed in itself to serve as political material directly for its neighbors, and deviously and indirectly for Europe, which governs its naighbours. The basic reason for the failures of the Macedonian revolutionary organization lies in the fact that it is fed by means that have historically proved their ineffectiveness against state order of a European kind to overthrow the system and authority that have nothing in common with European order; since with the tactics, which have overthrown many European government, it attempts to erase military slavery, which has continued in Macedonia and Old Serbia for five centuries now; since the arms, victorious in the civil war, are also used in external war, because the Turk is not a fellow-citizen and compatriot of the Slavs, but he was, is and will be their external enemy... - They consider me a Bulgarophile, I.A. Zinovjev told me. But it isn't so at all. I behave in perfectly equal manner to all Slavs, and, if a person is decent and likable, it is all the same to me whether he is a Bulgarian, a Serb or a Macedonian. But I am a Russian representative and I have been sent here to protect, first of all, Russian interests. Permanent patronage over the Balkan Slavs is inseparably linked with Russian interests. We are their natural patrons. But this patronage does not mean Russia's following of Slav leaders; patronage is not characterless yielding. However, as far as the Macedonian question is concerned, the Bulgarians, as our most spoilt children in the whole of the Slav world, would like precisely to lead Russia with them where they have blindly started closing their eyes, demanding that the patronage be turned into yielding. The activities of the Macedonian committees, long under the patronage (with) our tolerance of the Bulgarian government, had the following direct calculation: - We shall force the Turks to abandon their reserved behavior they have taken up and borne with difficulty - wit a series of small explosions, murders and blackmails we shall arose the fanatic excitement of the Moslems, the Sultan will be forced to give in to the demands of his subjects of the same faith, and Turkish atrocities will start in Macedonia, blood will be shed, villages will be burnt. For the attainment of the sublime goal it is of no consequence whether fifty or fifty thousand people will be killed - the main thing is: slaughter must be caused, which will in turn cause the necessity of European intervention, and since the protection of the Slavs is the perennial deed of Russia and it will never leave the Macedonian question to Austria - consequently, volens-nolens, Russia shall have to send again hundred of thousands of soldiers to the Balkan Peninsula and achieve the freedom of Macedonia with its bayonets, i.e. it should put the land into the mouth of the Bulgarians. For they don't recognize any other nationality in Macedonia except the Bulgarian one. Consequently, the future freedom of Macedonia for them is either the fulfillment of the Treaty of San Stefano and unification of Macedonia with the Bulgarian Principality, or a creation of a new autonomous Bulgarian body, which will sooner or later be merged with the former into an 'integral Bulgaria'.... Cvetan Stanoevski, Kako ja vidoa Makedonija, Skopje 1978, pp.189-190,193-194. 1902 Appeal of the "National Macedonian-Albanian League" Brother Macedonians! Brother Albanians! ...There is no need that the Bulgarians, the Greeks or others amend our homeland... Executive Committee British Museum (British Library), London, 1902 1902 Nikola Karev to Goce Delchev ...Let us not expect freedom either from the Greeks or the Bulgarians; it is we, the Macedonians, who should fight for our Macedonia ourselves... Neobjaveno pismo, Nova Makedonija, (Skopje), XXIV, nbr.7744 (May 5 1968), p.8 1903 Victor Berard on the Macedonians. The ambition for a small homeland, the egotism of a small nation, is not the ultimate ideal of the Macedonians. To replace Turkish subjugation with Greek, Serbian or Bulgarian dependence does not seem to them to represent some great gain...Until recently France did not know the Macedonians. They were Thracian, Peons, Sclavins for us, a wild and almost a mythical people, that lived somewhere at the bottom of some unknown land for us. We either did not know them or despised them, since we heard of them from the malicious notes of the ancient and modern Greeks... La Revue de Paris, Juin 1903. 1904 A Macedonian Theory Was it so long before the liberation of the Bulgarians that throughout Bulgaria, in answer to the question as to what they were (by nationality), the Bulgarians said they were "Christians" or raya (non-Moslem Turkish subjects)?And even now it is not so rare on occasion to hear a Bulgarian answering in court as to the question of his nationality that he is a "Christian". The notion of nationality has still not become a new accomplishment of his mind. During the Turkish period, the Bulgarian peasant referred to the Bulgarians in the towns as "Greeks" and city lother were "Greek dress" for him. And since the Greeks designated that peasant as a "fat-headed Bulgar", his brother from the town loved to be called a "Hellene", so that he should not be scorned for his real national name. It is not exactly the same case with what Mr. Misirkov elaborates concerning the name of the Macedonian Slav? The name "Bulgar" fell even in Bulgaria to such position which earned only the contempt of the others. This name appeared so empty even in the mouth of the Bulgarians themselves that it became a synonym for "Christian"; the later designated the whole ethnic contents of Bulgarian individual and social consciousness. When our peasant used to say "we are Bulgars", he meant "we are Christians", i.e. Orthodox. The Russian Tsar was a "Bulgarian Tsar" for him not by nationality, but by Orthodox Christianity. A. Teodorov-Balan, Edna makedonska teorija - Periodichesko spisanie (Sofia), LXV (1904), p.818 1907-1908 The Macedonian Villages ...I asked him what language they spoke, and my Greek interpreter carelessly rendered the answer Bulgare. The man himself had said Makedonski. I drew attention to this word and the witness explained that he did not consider the rural dialect used in Macedonia the same as Bulgarian, and refused to call it by that name. It was Macedonian, a word to which he gave the Slav form of Makedonski, but which I was to hear farther north in the Greek form of Makedonike. And so the "Bulgarophone" villagers are no longer willing to admit that they speak Bulgarian. They have coined a new term of their own accord, and henceforth their dialect, until they have got rid of it, is to be known as "Macedonian". My Athenian friends were delighted when I told them of this on my return. It should give even greater pleasure to those Bulgarian agents who are so anxious to see the Macedonians thought they are Macedonians. Allen Upward, The East End of Europe, London 1908, pp. 204-205 June 25, 1910 Archimandrite Neophyte in Skopje to Bulgarian Exarch Joseph in Constantinople: Starting from some time ago, as I have already informed You several times, matters in the eparchy, and especially here have not developed as they should. The Eparchy Council, which, as You know, consists of the town's elders, has decided to send You a letter in which it strongly condemns the candidature of the former Metropolitan of Skopje, Theodosius, and among other things, upon my suggestion writes the following in the protest: "Outraged, we read in the newspapers that a group of villains wishes at any cost to urge the population - the voters of the Skopje Eparchy - to bring back that typical intransigent, Theodosious, as the Metropolitan of the Skopje Eparchy. This is the same Theodosius who 17 or 18 years ago wanted to separate the Skopje Eparchy from the Exarchate and proclaim himself an independent Metropolitan. For this purpose, he then made a special seal on which he deleted the words "Bulgarian Exarchate", so sacred to us, and printed his own baptismal certificates, marriage certificates and other documents; he did not fulfill the circular letters and the orders of the Exarchate, etc. Yet, since at that time there were not such a strong anti-Bulgarian movement among the local Bulgarians, it was possible for the Exarchate to remove this dangerous schismatic in time and thereby preserve the unity of the Bulgarian Church in Turkey. Now this same schismatic, contrary to Exarchist interests, wishes to restore his eparchy and continue his dishonest business of disuniting our Bulgarian people. We protest most strongly against his nomination as Metropolitan of Skopje, because he insults the Bulgarian feeling among the population". Unfortunately, Your Grace, if the Eparchy Council has such people with common sense, this is not the case with some craftsman's circles, which have come under the influence of Mr. Petar Pop Arsov, a teacher, who has taken the idea into his head that he is a leader of the people. He constantly speaks against the Exarchate and its leadership, including myself, and urges the craftsman to support Metropolitan Theodosios' candidature, since he once suffered for defending the interests of the Macedonians. It would not be superfluous if I informed You about another problem, which, I presume, will represent a kind of plot in this whole election propaganda. I have understood from some members of the Council that Krste Petkov, who at one time started "Misirkovism", had requested from certain relative of his, living here in Skopje, that he put him in touch with this teacher, Petar Pop Arsov, in connection with collecting songs about Krale Marko in the Skopje district, and Mr. Pop Arsov was so kind as to agree immediately. I am writing this to you, Your Grace, a justified suspicion that schismatic forces are being brought to life here. The said Mr. Krste Misirkov expressed in a letter to his relative has desire to return to Macedonia, more precisely, to come to Skopje as soon as Macedonia was liberated. The man wished to be a professor at the Skopje university (?!). If this is true, and there are no reasons for lying to me, then You may conclude Yourself what danger threatens the Bulgarian idea in these historic times. Just imagine if the "Misirkovism" of Mr. Krste, the "separatism' of His Grace Theodosius and the "autonomism" of Mr. Petar Pop Arsov joined together! I am of the opinion, Your Grace, upon the basis of the protest by the Eparchy Council (which was, after all, published in the press) that the candidature of His Grace Theodosius should be withdrawn, by which a danger of as yet unseen proportions for the Bulgarian cause in Macedonia would be evaded. I remain Your Grace's younger brother in Jesus Christ and I pray for You. S. Dimevski, Diskusija - K.P. Misirkov i nacionalno-kulturniot razvoj na makedonskiot narod do Osloboduvanjeto - Zbornik Misirkov. Simpozium. Skopje, Institut za makedonski jazik, 1975, pp.338-339. 1905 Sveta Simic, representative of the Kingdom of Serbia in Bulgaria, to Jovan Jovanovich-Pizon, head of the consular department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Belgrade. D. Gruev again visited me last Saturday. D. Hristov also chanced to be in my house, so we spent more then 3 hours in discussion. The Macedonians have been afraid that the Bulgarians and we agreed to divide them, and accordingly they are the only ones left to frown at the Imperial Alliance. They suspect it hides something else. They continually make agreements and preparations but undertake nothing more serious. They constantly send smaller bands and ammunition into their country. All their activity is reduced to this only in present. They would like to make an agreement with us, but such as to sacrifice nothing of what they call their autonomy. They have come to see more and more that there are obstacles before them which they cannot fight successfully, and under the influence of which they continually lose their importance as an authoritative factor in the development of the Maced(onian) question. This is what hurts them immensely. They are divided among themselves, just as before. The differences of their views also intensify their personal hatred, which makes some of them avoid the others, plotting among themselves....Unfavorable rumors reach us from Macedonia, too. The people, craving for freedom, would like to reject their yoke and uncertainty as soon as possible, so that they would be ready for some decisive steps as well, but their distrust both of their leaders and Bulgaria prevent them. Under the influence of the news about the Imperial Alliance a mood has been created in which they would like to be freed from their yoke at any cost, even if they were compelled to come under Bulgaria and Serbia. And if these two did not help them, they would gladly accept Austrian occupation, as well... Arhiv SFR Jugoslavije (Belgrade) - Fond Jovan Jovanovic-Pizon, 80 (1905). 1906 To my brother in arms, Dushan, voyvoda from the village of Bistrica Brother, you should know that I have received your letter and understood all that you wrote me. We have put the people in great trouble, it is true, but who is to blame for this? You say we are to blame, we say you are to blame. As far as I know, ten years have passed (and) has never been over those years any bloodshed between ourselves or division into Serbomans or Bulgarophils. We have been Macedonian fighters and we will fight to the end for the Macedonian people, but we do not fight for Bulgaria or Serbia, nor Greece; they are free and live freely and drink in shaded inns; they have the right to drink so since they shed their blood earlier. We, who come from this Macedonian land should work for Macedonia, because our Macedonian brothers are murdered on the roads and our Macedonian sisters are disgraced by the bloody Turk, by the fat Turk. We are not against any nationality of either Bulgaria, Serbia, or Greece; we should recognize the merit of those who would help us. If there had been any Serbian, Bulgarian or Greek land here, they should not have waited for us to die in the mountains but should have liberated Macedonia with their armies; only then they could have demanded Serbia, Bulgarian or Greek land here... Blazhe Krusheski DA SSID - Fond Izvrshnog odbora Srpske narodne organizacije F-6 (1906) 1912 A.V. Amfiteatrov: Macedonia ...Following the Russian war, Turkey of the old regime finally turned into a "sick man", and the heirs of the executors of the expected will gathered around his death-bed. The future destiny of Macedonia came to depend not as much on the will of Turkey itself as on the sympathies of the European guardians. In the 19th century Europe learned through Germany, Italy and Greece to consider the right to national self-determination a little. Thus, all the states and countries bordering on Macedonia have started intensive propaganda in favor of their nationalities, as it were a race or along jump for an award. They have taken care, as much as they have means and power, to persuade Europe by truth and lies, that allegedly the national self-determination of the Macedonian inclines in their favor, and not in favor of the neighboring nation. In this respect the Bulgarians proved more swift the their rivals. In order to make Macedonia Bulgarian, they had to Bulgarize the Macedonians. Thus, following the Bulgaro-Serbian War of 1885, the greatest powers and considerable sacrifices of the Bulgarian state apparatus were given to the Bulgarization of the Macedonian Slavs. Bulgarian agents were the priests and the teachers; the
Powered by Yahoo! Answers
Sitemap
© 2010 Intellectual Property Law. All Rights Reserved.
Intellectual Property Law is powered by Domain Name World.
Click here to enquire about this domain.
Show Exhibit Display | Portable Trade Show | Modern TVs | Screensavers Depot | Sea Venture Resort | Vintage Home Furniture | Lasik Market | Enderts Beach | Affordable Honeymoon Packages | Fresh Vegetable Recipes | Rhetorical Analysis | Seaweed Product | Plain Yellow | Mickey Mouse Images | Insurance Waco | Necklace Chokers | Jade Bag | Orion Amps | Vittorie | Police One | Beautiful Photography | Celtic Heart | Air Horns | Exotic Dancing | Gourmet Meals | Construction Kits | Job Fair Atlanta | Half Life Game Engine | Video Relay Service | Crafts Toys | Pocket Knives | Life and Health Insurance Policies | Mortgage Rates News | Italian Pipes | Magnetic Jewelry Therapy | Wedding Day Poems | Colorado Technical University | Mobile Phone Operators | Marquis Villas Resort | Japanese Robes | Wireless Network Antennas | Curtain Deals | Wheels Off Road | Rosoe | Paramount Tower | Civil Wear | Lord Tree | Out Arab | Satellite West | Story Prime | Thing Wave | Until Broken | Content Form | Renault Serbia | Amudo | Skincare | Garie Beach | Lasik Market | Fruit and Vegetable Diets | Post and Carrier